Lobbying in the 21st Century Transparency, Integrity and Access
Lobbying, as a way to influence and inform governments, has been part of democracy for at least two centuries, and remains a legitimate tool for influencing public policies. However, it carries risks of undue influence.
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| Autor Corporativo: | |
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Paris :
OECD Publishing
2021.
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| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009704564906719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Intro
- Foreword
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations and acronyms
- Definitions of terms
- Executive summary
- Key findings
- 1 Lobbying in the 21st Century
- Introduction
- Lobbying is a broad and complex activity
- Major global challenges are strongly influenced by lobbying practices
- COVID-19 highlighted governance frameworks' susceptibility to undue influence
- References
- 2 Transparency
- Introduction
- Transparency on the targets of lobbying activities is limited
- Few countries are transparent about lobbying that targets all branches of government
- Transparency is still the exception at the subnational level
- Transparency on who is conducting lobbying activities is limited
- Certain actors who are de facto lobbyists are not always covered by transparency requirements
- Further transparency is needed to determine the beneficial owners of companies influencing the policy-making process
- In most countries there is no transparency on the influence of foreign governments
- More transparency is needed on all forms of influence
- Transparency on core lobbying activities is limited
- Transparency on political finance is greater than on lobbying, although loopholes remain
- More transparency is needed on the sources of funds for research, think tanks and grassroots organisations
- More transparency is needed on the use of media and social media as a lobbying tool
- Transparency on interests advising government ad hoc bodies is limited
- Information disclosed is usually incomplete and does not allow public scrutiny
- Information on the objective of the lobbying activity is limited
- The timing of disclosures does not allow for public scrutiny
- Engagement with lobbyists and digital tools are used to promote compliance.
- Engagement with lobbyists and public officials encourages compliance with transparency requirements
- Digital tools and automatic verifications are useful for increasing public scrutiny
- Audit and review of the rules and guidelines on lobbying is limited
- A limited number of countries have carried out audits and reviews
- External oversight has proven valuable in identifying gaps in implementation
- References
- 3 Integrity
- Introduction
- Public officials need an integrity framework adapted to the risks of lobbying and other influence activities
- Few countries have specific integrity standards for public officials on lobbying activities
- Public officials require additional guidance to assess the reliability of information
- Rules on gifts, invitations and hospitalities are robust, but need continued attention
- The revolving door is still a concern, despite strict standards for managing conflicts of interest.
- Post-public employment
- Pre-public employment
- Guidance, capacity building and awareness raising can be increased
- Companies and lobbyists need a full integrity framework to engage in policy making
- Companies and lobbyists need comprehensive, detailed integrity standards
- Misalignment between companies' public commitments and lobbying practices reduce trust in public decision making
- References
- 4 Access
- Introduction
- Opportunities for participation need to be increased
- Stakeholders may not always be aware of opportunities to participate
- Stakeholders are introduced into the policy-making process at too late a stage
- Limited information is available to stakeholders
- Stakeholders' capacity needs to be carefully evaluated
- Stakeholders' capacities and capabilities need to be taken into account
- Stakeholders face marginal benefits and high costs for participation.
- Stakeholders need feedback and follow-up
- References
- Note
- 5 Summary and conclusions
- Introduction
- Continued relevance and next steps
- References
- Annex A. Detailed transparency and integrity standards on lobbying activities
- Annex B. Methodology
- Background
- Methodology
- Process
- Dissemination
- References.
