How Was Life? Volume II New Perspectives on Well-being and Global Inequality since 1820.
How was life in 1820, and how has it changed since then? This question, which was at the core of How Was Life? Global Well-being since 1820, published by the OECD in 2014, is addressed by this second volume based on a broader perspective.
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| Autor Corporativo: | |
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Paris :
OECD Publishing
2021.
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| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009704542706719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Intro
- Preface
- Foreword
- Acknowledgements
- Readers' Guide
- Conventions
- Executive summary
- References
- 1 New perspectives on global inequality throughout history
- Introduction
- Aim of this report
- Practical issues
- Introduction to individual chapters
- References
- Notes
- 2 The long view on economic growth: New estimates of GDP
- Introduction
- Description of the concepts used
- Gross Domestic Product per capita
- The Income approach to measuring GDP
- The Expenditure approach to measuring GDP
- The Production approach to measuring GDP
- Relative prices
- Historical GDP Benchmarks
- Historical sources and data quality
- Long-run global developments in per capita GDP: Comparing the three approaches
- The first test: Subsistence income
- Analysing the accuracy of backward projections through comparisons with historical GDP benchmarks
- Incorporating important historical benchmarks of GDP per capita
- The world in 1820
- Developments since 1820
- Priorities for future research
- References
- Notes
- 3 The working week in manufacturing since 1820
- Introduction
- Description of the concepts used
- Historical sources
- Data quality
- Main highlights of historical trends in working hours
- Holidays and annual working time
- Correlation with GDP per capita
- Priorities for future research
- References
- Notes
- 4 Social spending and the welfare state
- Introduction
- Description of the concepts used
- Historical sources and data quality
- Main highlights of social spending trends
- Social spending under, and since, communism
- Correlation with GDP per capita and related social indicators
- Priorities for future research
- References
- Annex 4.A. Data sources for individual countries
- Countries covered in the chapter
- Argentina
- Australia
- Brazil
- Canada
- China
- Egypt.
- France
- Germany
- India
- Indonesia
- Japan
- Italy
- Kenya
- Netherlands
- Nigeria
- Poland
- South Africa
- Spain
- Russia
- Sweden
- Thailand
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
- United States
- Notes
- 5 Wealth inequality in the long run
- Introduction
- Description of the concepts used
- Historical sources
- Data quality
- Main highlights of historical trends in wealth inequality
- Developments in individual countries
- Regional comparisons
- A first glance at the global wealth distribution
- Correlation with GDP per capita
- Priorities for Future Research
- References
- Notes
- 6 Life expectancy and length of life inequality in the long run
- Introduction
- Description of the concepts used
- Measurement
- Historical sources
- Data quality
- Main highlights of trends in life expectancy and length of life inequality
- Life expectancy
- Length of life inequality
- Trajectories of countries
- Correlations with GDP per capita
- Priorities for future research
- References
- Annex 6.A. Inequality measurement
- Note
- 7 Inequality in educational achievement
- Introduction
- Description of the concepts used
- Historical sources
- Data quality
- Main highlights of trends in educational achievement
- Correlation of educational inequality with income
- Priorities for future research
- References
- Notes
- 8 Gender equality since 1900
- Introduction
- Description of the concepts used
- Historical sources
- Data quality
- Main highlights of historical developments in gender equality
- Historical developments in different aspects of gender inequality
- Historical developments in a composite measure of gender inequality
- Correlation with GDP per capita
- Priorities for future research
- References
- Annex 8.A. Additional evidence
- Note
- 9 Global extreme poverty: Present and past since 1820.
- Introduction
- Description of the concepts used
- Historical sources
- Prices from the ILO October inquiry
- Consumption and income distributions
- Estimating unobserved household mean income
- Imputations
- Data quality
- Main highlights on trends in extreme poverty
- Global extreme poverty
- Extreme poverty in world regions
- China
- Correlation with GDP per capita
- Priorities for future research
- References
- Notes
- 10 Biodiversity trends in a historical perspective
- Introduction
- Description of the concepts used
- Historical sources
- Biodiversity indices for world regions
- Biodiversity state and pressure indicators based on historical research
- Case study: Biodiversity change in the Netherlands, 1900-2010
- Data quality
- Main highlights on historical trends in biodiversity
- Biodiversity indices for world regions
- Biodiversity state and pressure indicators based on historical research
- Case study: Biodiversity change in the Netherlands 1900-2010
- Correlation with GDP per capita
- Priorities for future research
- References
- Notes
- 11 A composite view on inequality and well-being
- Introduction
- Description of the concepts used
- Historical sources and data quality
- Main highlights
- Correlation with GDP per capita
- Trends in well-being inequality
- Composite indicators
- Conclusions and priorities for further research
- References
- Annex 11.A. Supporting material
- Notes.
