Brick by Brick
The report brings together evidence, international experience and policy insights for the design of housing policies. Emphasis is placed on three broad aspects: inclusiveness, efficiency and sustainability. Inclusive access to housing has become increasingly challenging in many OECD countries due to...
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| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | Inglés |
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Paris, France :
OECD Publishing
[2021]
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| Edition: | First edition |
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| See on Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009703252006719 |
Table of Contents:
- Intro
- Acknowledgments
- Executive Summary
- 1 Designing Policies for Efficient, Inclusive and Sustainable Housing
- Housing has become less affordable
- Housing costs have risen faster than other consumption expenditures
- Rising housing costs put a disproportionate burden on low-income households
- Why have housing costs risen so much in so many countries?
- Supply has not kept up with demand
- Governments are investing less in housing development
- Housing affects economic performance in many ways
- Housing markets play a paramount role in the economy
- Greater access to housing finance creates opportunities and risks
- Residential mobility yields important benefits but may be hindered by poorly functioning housing markets
- Housing affects inequalities
- Lack of access to quality housing can have lasting distributional effects
- Housing is an integral part of household wealth
- Housing has sizeable environmental consequences
- Housing accounts for a substantial share of global CO2 emissions
- Complex links tie housing and environmental quality
- What can governments do?
- Building on complementarities among policy objectives
- Well-designed social housing can improve affordability along with other policy objectives.
- Tax reforms can bring economic, social and environmental benefits
- Reforming land-use regulations can yield multiple benefits
- Urban renovation policies are important for environmental and social objectives
- Managing trade-offs and unintended policy effects
- Some trade-offs involve balancing short- against long-term affordability
- Some macro-prudential measures raise challenges for particular groups
- Efforts to improve the environmental sustainability of housing can entail costs
- Improve housing policy governance to facilitate integrated responses to trade-offs.
- Annex 1.A1. Definitions and sources of indicators
- References
- Notes
- 2 Promoting Housing Affordability
- Assess housing affordability across different tenure and household types
- Housing is the biggest spending item in household budgets
- Housing costs have steadily increased, especially for renters
- Quality gaps exacerbate the housing affordability challenge, especially among low-income households
- Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, homelessness was on the rise in a third of OECD countries
- National averages mask differences in affordability gaps across people and regions
- Address the barriers to affordable housing
- Governments are investing less in housing development
- Building homes is increasingly expensive
- Demand for affordable housing is growing and changing
- Make housing more affordable
- Reinvigorate investment in affordable and social housing
- Improve targeting of public support towards low-income households, with attention to potential trade-offs
- Make the private rental market more affordable
- 3 Enhancing Resilience
- Recognise the role of housing for economic stability
- Address housing threats to macroeconomic resilience
- Deploy macroprudential tools
- Align structural housing-related policies with the goal of economic resilience
- Rental market regulation influences housing cycles
- Property taxation can also have an effect on housing market dynamics
- Supply responsiveness also has implications for economic resilience
- References
- Notes
- 4 Boosting Housing Market Efficiency
- Make housing affordable
- Rising house prices create socio-economic challenges
- Policies affect both demand for and supply of housing
- Housing policies differ markedly across countries
- Demand for housing will continue to increase substantially in most countries
- Learn from other countries' housing policies.
- Foster societal, technological and environmental transformations
- Reduce structural disruptions brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic
- Favour the transition towards greener and smarter cities
- References
- Notes
- 5 Measuring the Role of Housing in the Distribution of Wealth
- Quantify the importance of housing wealth in household balance sheets
- Housing represents the largest asset in household portfolios
- Housing debt is the largest liability in household portfolios
- Analyse the link between housing and wealth inequality
- Housing tenure varies largely across countries
- Housing features prominently in household balance sheets
- Weigh opportunities and risks of housing debt
- Access to mortgage debt is a key driver of homeownership
- High housing debt exposes households to financial vulnerabilities
- References
- Notes
- 6 Lifting Obstacles to Residential Mobility
- Do not hinder residential mobility
- Housing matters for mobility and homeowners are much less mobile than renters
- Embrace policies that favour residential mobility
- Reduce housing transaction costs
- Remove bottlenecks to responsive housing supply
- Reform excessively rigid rental market regulations
- Invest in social housing
- References
- Notes
- 7 Reconciling Housing and the Environment
- Recognise the strong environmental impact of housing
- Identify policies that lead to improvements in environmental quality and housing affordability
- Environmentally related construction practices and energy efficiency measures affect construction and maintenance costs
- Environmentally related transport policies affect both demand and supply of housing
- Anticipate the impact of housing policies on the environment.
- Property taxes can induce urban sprawl with negative consequences on the environment, but also be leveraged to reduce the environmental impact of development
- Coordination between the different levels of government is necessary to reconcile the objectives of housing affordability and environment preservation
- Environmental policies also affect other dimensions
- Use cost-benefit analysis
- Re-evaluate the stringency of land-use policies
- Invest in public transport and soft mobility
- Consider tailored compensation mechanisms in case of hard trade-offs
- References
- Notes
- 8 Improving the Governance of Housing
- Streamline governance across and within government levels
- The shared governance of social housing between central and local government should be used to combine local adequacy with portability
- Effective alignment of objectives across levels of government is essential in the area of land-use
- Strategic spatial plans spanning functional territories are needed to introduce mechanisms for better inter-municipal collaboration
- National governments have a role to play in land-use governance
- National housing governance needs to overcome sectoral silos
- Promote flexible land-use planning
- Land-use planning contributes to shaping cities and driving housing affordability
- Avoid restrictive zoning regulation and single-use zoning
- Regularly re-evaluate urban boundaries as needed
- Increasing the flexibility of land-use allows housing construction to adapt to changing socio-economic and demographic trends
- Use of recurrent taxes on immovable property can promote efficient land-use, yet interactions with land-use regulation may limit their ability to increase density
- Annex 8.A1. Definitions
- 9 Upgrading the Evidence Base
- Collect more data on house price trends and levels across countries.
- House price indices measure developments over time taking account of quality changes
- Coverage is extensive at the national level
- Coverage has expanded but remains more limited at the regional level
- House price levels are a key area for future work
- A measurement agenda for house price statistics is emerging
- Better assess housing vulnerability among households
- Develop more robust data on evictions
- Homelessness is challenging to measure and compare across countries
- A measurement agenda is called for to improve the evidence base on eviction and homelessness
- Measure local land-use regulations
- Measuring land-use regulations poses significant challenges
- Towards internationally comparable data on local land-use planning policies
- References
- Notes.
