Guidelines for drinking-water quality
| Autor principal: | |
|---|---|
| Autor Corporativo: | |
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Geneva :
World Health Organization
2022.
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| Edición: | Fourth edition incorporating the first and second addenda |
| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009662836706719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Intro
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations used in text
- 1. Introduction
- 1.1 General considerations and principles
- 1.1.1 Framework for safe drinking-water
- 1.1.2 Microbial aspects
- 1.1.3 Disinfection
- 1.1.4 Chemical aspects
- 1.1.5 Radiological aspects
- 1.1.6 Acceptability aspects: taste, odour and appearance
- 1.2 Roles and responsibilities in drinking-water safety management
- 1.2.1 Surveillance and quality control
- 1.2.2 Public health authorities
- 1.2.3 Local authorities
- 1.2.4 Water resource management
- 1.2.5 Drinking-water supply agencies
- 1.2.6 Community management
- 1.2.7 Water vendors
- 1.2.8 Individual consumers
- 1.2.9 Certification agencies
- 1.2.10 Plumbing
- 1.3 Supporting resources to the Guidelines
- 1.3.1 Published documents
- 2. A conceptual framework for implementing the Guidelines
- 2.1 Health-based targets
- 2.2 Water safety plans
- 2.2.1 System assessment and design
- 2.2.2 Operational monitoring
- 2.2.3 Management plans, documentation and communication
- 2.3 Surveillance
- 2.4 Verification of drinking-water quality
- 2.4.1 Microbial water quality
- 2.4.2 Chemical water quality
- 2.5 Identifying priority concerns
- 2.5.1 Undertaking a drinking-water quality assessment
- 2.5.2 Assessing microbial priorities
- 2.5.3 Assessing chemical priorities
- 2.6 Developing drinking-water quality standards
- 2.6.1 Adapting guideline values to locally relevant standards
- 2.6.2 Periodic review and revision of standards
- 2.7 Drinking-water regulations and supporting policies and programmes
- 2.7.1 Regulations
- 2.7.2 Supporting policies and programmes
- 3. Health-based targets
- 3.1 Setting health-based targets
- 3.2 Disability-adjusted life years, tolerable disease burden and reference level of risk
- 3.3 Types of health-based targets.
- 3.3.1 Health outcome targets
- 3.3.2 Water quality targets
- 3.3.3 Performance targets
- 3.3.4 Specified technology targets
- 4. Water safety plans
- 4.1 System assessment and design
- 4.1.1 New systems
- 4.1.2 Collecting and evaluating available data
- 4.1.3 Resource and source protection
- 4.1.4 Treatment
- 4.1.5 Piped distribution systems
- 4.1.6 Non-piped, community and household systems
- 4.1.7 Validation
- 4.1.8 Upgrade and improvement
- 4.2 Operational monitoring and maintaining control
- 4.2.1 Determining system control measures
- 4.2.2 Selecting operational monitoring parameters
- 4.2.3 Establishing operational and critical limits
- 4.2.4 Non-piped, community and household systems
- 4.3 Verification
- 4.3.1 Microbial water quality
- 4.3.2 Chemical water quality
- 4.3.3 Source waters
- 4.3.4 Piped distribution systems
- 4.3.5 Community-managed supplies
- 4.3.6 Quality assurance and quality control
- 4.3.7 Water safety plans
- 4.4 Management procedures for piped distribution systems
- 4.4.1 Predictable incidents ("deviations")
- 4.4.2 Unplanned events
- 4.4.3 Emergencies
- 4.4.4 Preparing a monitoring plan
- 4.4.5 Supporting programmes
- 4.5 Management of community and household water supplies
- 4.6 Documentation and communication
- 4.7 Planned review
- 4.7.1 Periodic review
- 4.7.2 Post-incident review
- 5. Surveillance
- 5.1 Types of approaches
- 5.1.1 Audit
- 5.1.2 Direct assessment
- 5.2 Adapting approaches to specific circumstances
- 5.2.1 Urban areas in developing countries
- 5.2.2 Community drinking-water supplies
- 5.2.3 Household treatment and storage systems
- 5.3 Adequacy of supply
- 5.3.1 Accessibility
- 5.3.2 Quantity
- 5.3.3 Continuity
- 5.3.4 Affordability
- 5.4 Planning and implementation
- 5.5 Reporting and communicating
- 5.5.1 Interaction with community and consumers.
- 5.5.2 Regional use of data
- 6. Application of the Guidelines in specific circumstances
- 6.1 Climate change: increasing threats from water scarcity, heavy rainfall and extreme events
- 6.2 Rainwater harvesting
- 6.3 Vended water
- 6.4 Bulk water supply
- 6.5 Desalination systems
- 6.6 Potable reuse systems
- 6.7 Dual piped water supply systems
- 6.8 Emergencies and disasters
- 6.9 Temporary water supplies
- 6.10 Buildings
- 6.11 Health-care facilities
- 6.12 Safe drinking-water for travellers
- 6.13 Aircraft and airports
- 6.14 Ships
- 6.15 Packaged drinking-water
- 6.16 Food production and processing
- 7. Microbial aspects
- 7.1 Microbial hazards associated with drinking-water
- 7.1.1 Waterborne infections
- 7.1.2 Emerging issues
- 7.1.3 Persistence and growth in water
- 7.1.4 Public health aspects
- 7.2 Health-based target setting
- 7.2.1 Health-based targets applied to microbial hazards
- 7.2.2 Reference pathogens
- 7.2.3 Quantitative microbial risk assessment
- 7.2.4 Risk-based performance target setting
- 7.2.5 Presenting the outcome of performance target development
- 7.2.6 Adapting risk-based performance target setting to local circumstances
- 7.2.7 Health outcome targets
- 7.3 Occurrence and treatment of pathogens
- 7.3.1 Occurrence
- 7.3.2 Treatment
- 7.4 Microbial monitoring
- 7.5 Methods of detection of faecal indicator organisms
- 7.6 Identifying local actions in response to microbial water quality problems and emergencies
- 7.6.1 Boil water advisories
- 7.6.2 Actions following an incident
- 8. Chemical aspects
- 8.1 Chemical hazards in drinking-water
- 8.2 Derivation of chemical guideline values and health-based values
- 8.2.1 Approaches taken
- 8.2.2 Threshold chemicals
- 8.2.3 Non-threshold chemicals
- 8.2.4 Data quality
- 8.2.5 Provisional guideline values.
- 8.2.6 Chemicals with effects on acceptability
- 8.2.7 Chemicals not included in the Guidelines
- 8.2.8 Mixtures
- 8.2.9 Adapting guideline values to local circumstances
- 8.3 Analytical achievability
- 8.4 Treatment
- 8.4.1 Treatment performance
- 8.4.2 Process control measures for disinfection by-products
- 8.4.3 Treatment for corrosion control
- 8.4.4 Household treatment
- 8.5 Guideline values for individual chemicals, by source category
- 8.5.1 Naturally occurring chemicals
- 8.5.2 Chemicals from industrial sources and human dwellings
- 8.5.3 Chemicals from agricultural activities
- 8.5.4 Chemicals used in water treatment or from materials in contact with drinking-water
- 8.5.5 Chemicals of emerging concern
- 8.6 Pesticides used in water for public health purposes
- 8.7 Identifying local actions in response to chemical water quality problems and emergencies
- 8.7.1 Trigger for action
- 8.7.2 Investigating the situation
- 8.7.3 Talking to the right people
- 8.7.4 Informing the public
- 8.7.5 Evaluating the significance to public health and individuals
- 8.7.6 Determining appropriate action
- 8.7.7 Consumer acceptability
- 8.7.8 Ensuring remedial action, preventing recurrence and updating the water safety plan
- 8.7.9 Mixtures
- 8.7.10 Water avoidance advisories
- 9. Radiological aspects
- 9.1 Sources and health effects of radiation exposure
- 9.1.1 Radiation exposure through ingestion of drinking-water
- 9.1.2 Radiation-induced health effects through drinking-water
- 9.2 Rationale for screening levels and guidance levels
- 9.3 Monitoring and assessment for dissolved radionuclides
- 9.3.1 Screening of drinking-water supplies
- 9.3.2 Strategy for assessing drinking-water if screening levels are exceeded
- 9.3.3 Strategy for assessing drinking-water if guidance levels are exceeded
- 9.3.4 Sampling frequency.
- 9.4 Guidance levels for radionuclides commonly found in drinking‑water
- 9.5 Analytical methods
- 9.5.1 Measuring gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations
- 9.5.2 Measuring specific radionuclides
- 9.6 Remedial measures
- 9.7 Radon
- 9.7.1 Radon in air and water
- 9.7.2 Health risks from radon
- 9.7.3 Guidance on radon in drinking-water supplies
- 9.7.4 Measuring radon in drinking-water
- 9.7.5 Decreasing radon concentrations in drinking-water
- 9.8 Risk communication
- 9.8.1 Reporting results
- 9.8.2 Communicating risks
- 10. Acceptability aspects: Taste, odour and appearance
- 10.1 Biologically derived contaminants
- Actinomycetes and fungi
- Cyanobacteria and algae
- Invertebrate animal life
- Iron bacteria
- 10.2 Chemically derived contaminants
- Aluminium
- Ammonia
- Chloramines
- Chloride
- Chlorine
- Chlorobenzenes
- Chlorophenols
- Colour
- Copper
- Dissolved oxygen
- Ethylbenzene
- Hardness
- Hydrogen sulfide
- Iron
- Manganese
- Petroleum oils
- pH and corrosion
- Sodium
- Styrene
- Sulfate
- Synthetic detergents
- Toluene
- Total dissolved solids
- Turbidity
- Xylenes
- Zinc
- 10.3 Treatment of taste, odour and appearance problems
- 10.4 Temperature
- 11. Microbial fact sheets
- 11.1 Bacterial pathogens
- Acinetobacter
- Aeromonas
- Burkholderia pseudomallei
- Campylobacter
- Enterobacter sakazakii
- Escherichia coli pathogenic strains
- Helicobacter pylori
- Klebsiella
- Legionella
- Leptospira
- Mycobacterium
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Salmonella
- Shigella
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Tsukamurella
- Vibrio
- Yersinia
- 11.2 Viral pathogens
- Adenoviruses
- Astroviruses
- Caliciviruses
- Enteroviruses
- Hepatitis A virus
- Hepatitis E virus
- Rotaviruses and orthoreoviruses
- 11.3 Protozoan pathogens
- Acanthamoeba
- Balantidium coli
- Blastocystis.
- Cryptosporidium.
