Continuous emission monitoring

Continuous emission monitoring

"The new edition of the only single-volume reference on both the regulatory and technical aspects of U.S. and international continuous emission monitoring (CEM) systems Continuous Emission Monitoring presents clear, accurate, and up-to-date information on the technical and regulatory issues tha...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Otros Autores: Jahnke, J. A. author (author)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley [2022]
Edición:Third edition
Materias:
Continuous emission monitoring.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009661634906719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • COVER
  • TITLE PAGE
  • COPYRIGHT PAGE
  • CONTENTS
  • PREFACE
  • CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CEM SYSTEMS
  • A BRIEF HISTORY
  • TYPES OF MONITORING SYSTEMS
  • Extractive Systems
  • In-Situ Systems
  • Remote Sensors
  • Parameter Monitoring Systems
  • Analytical Techniques Used in CEM System Instrumentation
  • Data Acquisition and Handling Systems
  • THE ROLE OF QUALITY ASSURANCE
  • APPLICATION
  • SUMMARY
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • CHAPTER 2 CEM REGULATIONS
  • IMPLEMENTING RULES IN THE UNITED STATES
  • U.S. Federal Implementing Rules
  • State Programs and Federal Programs Administered by the States
  • 40 CFR Part 62 - Federal Requirements for Existing Units Not Covered by a State Plan
  • 40 CFR Part 70 - Title V Operating Permits
  • PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
  • QUALITY ASSURANCE REQUIREMENTS
  • Part 60 Quality Assurance Procedures
  • Other U.S. QA Procedures
  • The Role of Calibration Gases
  • INTERNATIONAL RULES
  • Canada
  • Europe
  • Asia
  • Latin America*
  • Developing a National Continuous Emission Monitoring Program
  • ENFORCEMENT POLICIES AND CEM SYSTEMS
  • Compliance Indicating Systems - Using CEM Systems for Reporting Excess Emissions
  • Enforcement Levels
  • Level 2
  • Compliance Monitoring Systems - Using CEM Systems for Direct Compliance
  • Compliance Assurance Monitoring and the Credible Evidence Rule
  • Periodic Monitoring
  • Epilogue
  • REFERENCES
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • CHAPTER 3 EXTRACTIVE SYSTEM DESIGN
  • SOURCE-LEVEL EXTRACTIVE SYSTEMS
  • Hot/Wet Systems
  • Cool/Dry Systems with Conditioning
  • Sample Probes
  • Umbilical Line
  • Calibration Gas System and Cylinder Gas Pressure Regulators
  • Moisture Removal Methods
  • Sample Pumps
  • Fine Filters
  • Assembling a Cool/Dry Extractive System
  • CLOSE-COUPLED SYSTEMS
  • DILUTION EXTRACTIVE SYSTEMS
  • Dilution Probes
  • Dilution Air Cleanup Systems
  • External Dilution Systems (Probes).
  • Enhancing the Operation of Dilution Systems
  • Dilution Extractive Systems: Wet or Dry Measurement?
  • SAMPLING INTERFACE/MONITOR CALIBRATION
  • EXTRACTIVE SYSTEM COMPONENTS AND ACCESSORIES
  • MINI-SYSTEMS
  • MODULAR SAMPLING SYSTEMS
  • CHAPTER 4 INTRODUCTION TO THE ANALYTICAL METHODS
  • THE PROPERTIES OF LIGHT
  • The Wave Nature of Light
  • Absorption of Light by Molecules
  • The Beer-Lambert Law
  • LIGHT SCATTERING BY PARTICLES
  • Rayleigh Scattering: r/λ ≤ 1
  • Mie Scattering: r/λ = 1
  • Geometric Optics: r/λ ≥ 1
  • Opacity and Transmittance
  • Bouguer's Law
  • COMPONENTS OF A SPECTROMETER: BUILDING AN INSTRUMENT
  • Radiation Sources
  • Wavelength Selection
  • Detectors
  • Multipath Gas Cells
  • Optical Components
  • Constructing a Spectrophotometer
  • CHAPTER 5 EXTRACTIVE SYSTEM ANALYZERS
  • SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS - INFRARED MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
  • Nondispersive Infrared Analyzers
  • Laser-Based Analyzers
  • Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
  • SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS - ULTRAVIOLET MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
  • Nondispersive Ultraviolet Photometers
  • SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS - LUMINESCENCE
  • Fluorescence Analyzers for SO2 Measurement
  • Chemiluminescence Analyzers for NO and NOx Measurement
  • Low NOx Measurements.
  • ELECTROANALYTICAL METHODS
  • Polarographic Analyzers
  • Potentiometric Analyzers Using Ion-Selective Electrodes
  • Electrocatalytic Analyzers for Measuring Oxygen
  • Paramagnetic Techniques for Measuring Oxygen
  • Magnetopneumatic Instruments
  • Thermal Conductivity Analyzers
  • DEVELOPMENTS IN EXTRACTIVE SYSTEM GAS ANALYZERS
  • Traditional Approaches
  • Developing Approaches
  • CHAPTER 6 IN-SITU GAS MONITORING SYSTEMS
  • POINT (SHORT-PATH) IN-SITU MONITORS
  • Probe Designs
  • Point Monitor Analytical Methods
  • Electrocatalytic In-situ Method
  • Advantages and Limitations of Point In-situ Systems.
  • INTEGRATED-PATH MONITORING SYSTEMS
  • Single-Pass Systems
  • Double-Pass Systems
  • Optical Depth
  • Stratification Issues
  • Integrated-Path Analyzer Calibration Issues
  • Integrated-Path Analyzer Analytical Methods
  • Advantages and Limitations of Integrated-Path CEM Systems
  • Certification Test Criteria for Integrated-Path Monitors
  • Quality Assurance for In-situ CEM Systems
  • IN-SITU SYSTEMS VS. EXTRACTIVE SYSTEMS
  • CHAPTER 7 FLOW RATE MONITORS
  • REFERENCE METHODS FOR VOLUMETRIC FLOW
  • Type-S Pitot Tube (Method 2)
  • Three-Dimensional Pitot Tubes (Method 2F)
  • Yaw-Nulling (Method 2G)
  • Wall-Effect Measurements (Method 2H and CTM-041)
  • Vane Anemometers
  • Tracer Gas Dilution
  • CONTINUOUS FLOW MONITORING METHODS
  • Single Type-S Pitot Tube
  • Averaging Differential Pressure Probes
  • Thermal Mass Flowmeters
  • Ultrasonic Flow Monitors
  • Time-of-Flight Methods
  • OTHER METHODS
  • The Stack Venturi
  • Physical Models
  • Computational Fluid Dynamics
  • Determination of Flow Rates from Engineering Calculations
  • MONITORING FLOW IN PIPES
  • CALIBRATING FLOW MONITORING SYSTEMS
  • The "Pre-RATA" and the K Factor
  • Problems in Calibrating Against a Reference Method
  • PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR FLOW MONITOR CERTIFICATION
  • Part 60 Appendix B Performance Specification 6
  • Part 75 Appendix A Specifications.
  • Environment Canada Specifications
  • EN-ISO 16911 Specifications
  • FLOW MONITOR QUALITY ASSURANCE
  • Daily Calibration Checks
  • Daily Interference Checks
  • Quarterly Leak Checks
  • Flow-to-Load Ratio Test
  • Semiannual/Annual RATA
  • CHAPTER 8 OPACITY MONITORS
  • BASIC COMPONENTS OF TRANSMISSOMETERS
  • DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND MANUFACTURER'S PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR OPACITY MONITORS
  • Opacity Monitoring Specific Design Criteria
  • Manufacturers' Performance Specification Tests.
  • Design Specifications For Low-Level Opacity Monitors
  • OPACITY MONITOR INSTRUMENT DESIGN
  • Beam Splitter Techniques
  • Optical Density/Opacity Calculations
  • Stack-Exit Correlation
  • Calibration Filter Selection
  • Combiner Equations
  • Opacity-Mass Correlations
  • OPACITY MONITOR PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
  • Installation Requirements
  • Field Audit Performance Tests
  • Opacity Monitor Quality Assurance
  • Quality Assurance Plan
  • Daily Zero and Upscale Calibration Drift Test
  • Quarterly Audit - Three-Point Calibration Error Test
  • Annual Primary Zero Alignment
  • Corrective Maintenance and Diagnostic Tests
  • REFERENCES
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • CHAPTER 9 CONTINUOUS PARTICULATE MONITORING
  • REGULATORY SPECIFICATIONS
  • CALIBRATING PARTICULATE MATTER CEMS (PM CEMS)
  • Reference Method Tests
  • Statistical Analysis Procedures
  • Issues Associated with the Correlation Method
  • CONTINUOUS PARAMETER MONITORING SYSTEMS (PM CPMS)
  • Determining the Operating Limit (Case A)
  • Determining the Operating Limit (Case B)
  • BAG LEAK DETECTORS (BLD)
  • ALTERNATIVE CALIBRATION METHODS
  • Generating Reference Samples
  • Mass References
  • Particle Size Standards
  • PARTICULATE MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
  • Accumulated Mass Sensors
  • Optical Sensors
  • Hybrid (Combination) Systems
  • Monitoring in Wet Stacks
  • Probe Electrification Methods - Triboelectric Devices Applied for Bag Leak Detection
  • Choosing a PM System
  • PM CEMS QUALITY ASSURANCE - REQUIREMENTS FOR CONTINIUING OPERATION
  • The Quality Assurance/Quality Control Manual
  • Routine Checks
  • Quarterly Audits
  • PM Correlation Audits
  • DEVELOPMENTS IN PM CEMS
  • CHAPTER 10 CEM SYSTEM CONTROL, DATA ACQUISITION, AND REPORTING
  • CONTROL SYSTEMS
  • Computer Control
  • Programmable Logic Controllers
  • Data Loggers
  • Embedded Microprocessors
  • THE DAHS COMPUTER
  • CEM System Software Development.
  • Data Handling Functions of the DAHS Computer
  • Data Reporting
  • The U.S. EPA Excess Emission Report
  • The U.S. EPA Part 75 Electronic Data Report
  • Other U.S. Reporting Programs
  • Communication
  • DAHS QUALITY ASSURANCE
  • SUMMARY
  • CHAPTER 11 CERTIFYING CEM SYSTEMS
  • PART 60 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS AND TEST PROCEDURES
  • Installation Specifications
  • PART 60 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS FOR GAS MONITORING SYSTEMS
  • Span
  • Calibration Drift Capability
  • PART 60 PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR GAS MONITORS
  • Performance Specification Test (PST) Procedures in the United States and Canada
  • The Calibration Drift (Error) Test
  • Part 60 Calibration Drift Calculations
  • The Linearity (Measurement Error) Test
  • The Environment Canada Calibration Drift Test
  • Cycle Time/Response Time Test
  • Dynamic Spiking Test (Method of Standard Additions)
  • The Relative Accuracy Test
  • Bias Tests
  • Relative Accuracy Procedure as a Percentage of the Emission Limit
  • Relative Accuracy as a Percentage of Certified Gas Concentration (Alternative Procedures)
  • The Relative Accuracy Test Report
  • Causes for Failure of a Relative Accuracy Test
  • PART 75 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
  • PART 63.8 MONITORING REQUIREMENTS
  • ENVIRONMENT CANADA EPS/1/PG/7 CEM GUIDELINES
  • INTERNATIONAL APPROACHES TO CEM SYSTEM CERTIFICATION AND APPROVAL
  • International Standards Organization (ISO) Standards for Gas Monitoring Systems
  • The European Union EN 14181 Standard for Automated Monitoring Systems
  • DEVELOPING CEM CERTIFICATION PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS
  • CHAPTER 12 MONITORING FOR MERCURY
  • MERCURY ISSUES
  • MERCURY REGULATIONS
  • Coal-Fired Electric Generating Units
  • Cement Plants
  • Municipal Waste Combustors and Incinerators
  • Canadian Mercury Regulations
  • Mercury Emissions Outside of North America
  • MERCURY MONITORING
  • Analytical Methods for Mercury Monitoring.
  • Continuous Mercury Monitoring Systems.

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