Organic chemistry
For courses in Organic Chemistry (2-Semester) A framework for organic chemistry built around the similarities in reaction types Paula Bruice's presentation in Organic Chemistry, Eighth Edition provides mixed-science majors with the conceptual foundations, chemical logic, and problem-solvi...
| Otros Autores: | |
|---|---|
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Harlow, England :
Pearson
[2017]
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| Edición: | Eighth edition, Global edition |
| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009633339406719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Preface
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- About the Author
- Contents
- PART ONE: An Introduction to the Study of Organic Chemistry
- 1 Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding
- CHEMICAL CONNECTION: Natural versus Synthetic Organic Compounds
- 1.1 The Structure of an Atom
- 1.2 How the Electrons in an Atom are Distributed
- 1.3 Covalent Bonds
- 1.4 How the Structure of a Compound is Represented
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 1.5 Atomic Orbitals
- 1.6 An Introduction to Molecular Orbital Theory
- 1.7 How Single Bonds are Formed in Organic Compounds
- 1.8 How a Double Bond is Formed: The Bonds in Ethene
- CHEMICAL CONNECTION: Diamond, Graphite, Graphene, and Fullerenes: Substances that Contain Only Carbon Atoms
- 1.9 How a Triple Bond is Formed: The Bonds in Ethyne
- 1.10 The Bonds in the Methyl Cation, the Methyl Radical, and the Methyl Anion
- 1.11 The Bonds in Ammonia and in the Ammonium Ion
- 1.12 The Bonds in Water
- CHEMICAL CONNECTION: Water-A Unique Compound
- 1.13 The Bond in a Hydrogen Halide
- 1.14 Hybridization and Molecular Geometry
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 1.15 Summary: Hybridization, Bond Lengths, Bond Strengths, and Bond Angles
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 1.16 Dipole Moments of Molecules
- ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS
- PROBLEMS
- 2 Acids and Bases: Central to Understanding Organic Chemistry
- 2.1 An Introduction to Acids and Bases
- 2.2 pK[Sub(a)] and pH
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- CHEMICAL CONNECTION: Acid Rain
- 2.3 Organic Acids and Bases
- BIOLOGICAL CONNECTION: Poisonous Amines
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 2.4 How to Predict the Outcome of an Acid-Base Reaction
- 2.5 How to Determine the Position of Equilibrium
- 2.6 How the Structure of an Acid Affects its pK[Sub(a)] Value
- 2.7 How Substituents Affect the Strength of an Acid.
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 2.8 An Introduction to Delocalized Electrons
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- MEDICAL CONNECTION: Fosamax Prevents Bones from Being Nibbled Away
- 2.9 A Summary of the Factors that Determine Acid Strength
- 2.10 How pH Affects the Structure of an Organic Compound
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- CHEMICAL CONNECTION: Derivation of the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
- MEDICAL CONNECTION: Aspirin Must Be in its Basic Form to be Physiologically Active
- 2.11 Buffer Solutions
- MEDICAL CONNECTION: Blood: A Buffered Solution
- 2.12 Lewis Acids and Bases
- ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS
- PROBLEMS
- TUTORIAL Acids and Bases
- 3 An Introduction to Organic Compounds: Nomenclature, Physical Properties, and Structure
- 3.1 Alkyl Groups
- 3.2 The Nomenclature of Alkanes
- INDUSTRIAL CONNECTION: How is the Octane Number of Gasoline Determined?
- 3.3 The Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 3.4 The Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides
- 3.5 The Nomenclature of Ethers
- 3.6 The Nomenclature of Alcohols
- 3.7 The Nomenclature of Amines
- CHEMICAL CONNECTION: Bad-Smelling Compounds
- 3.8 The Structures of Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers, and Amines
- 3.9 Noncovalent Interactions
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- MEDICAL CONNECTION: Drugs Bind to Their Receptors
- 3.10 The Solubility of Organic Compounds
- BIOLOGICAL CONNECTION: Cell Membranes
- 3.11 Rotation Occurs about Carbon-Carbon Single Bonds
- 3.12 Some Cycloalkanes Have Angle Strain
- CHEMICAL CONNECTION: Von Baeyer, Barbituric Acid, and Blue Jeans
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 3.13 Conformers of Cyclohexane
- 3.14 Conformers of Monosubstituted Cyclohexanes
- CHEMICAL CONNECTION: Starch and Cellulose-Axial and Equatorial
- 3.15 Conformers of Disubstituted Cyclohexanes
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 3.16 Fused Cyclohexane Rings.
- MEDICAL CONNECTION: Cholesterol and Heart Disease
- MEDICAL CONNECTION: How High Cholesterol is Treated Clinically
- ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS
- PROBLEMS
- PART TWO: Electrophilic Addition Reactions, Stereochemistry, and Electron Delocalization
- TUTORIAL Using Molecular Models
- 4 Isomers: The Arrangement of Atoms in Space
- 4.1 Cis-Trans Isomers Result from Restricted Rotation
- CHEMICAL CONNECTION: Cis-Trans Interconversion in Vision
- 4.2 Using the E,Z System to Distinguish Isomers
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 4.3 A Chiral Object Has a Nonsuperimposable Mirror Image
- 4.4 An Asymmetric Center is a Cause of Chirality in a Molecule
- 4.5 Isomers with One Asymmetric Center
- 4.6 Asymmetric Centers and Stereocenters
- 4.7 How to Draw Enantiomers
- 4.8 Naming Enantiomers by the R,S System
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 4.9 Chiral Compounds Are Optically Active
- 4.10 How Specific Rotation Is Measured
- 4.11 Enantiomeric Excess
- 4.12 Compounds with More than One Asymmetric Center
- 4.13 Stereoisomers of Cyclic Compounds
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 4.14 Meso Compounds Have Asymmetric Centers but Are Optically Inactive
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 4.15 How to Name Isomers with More than One Asymmetric Center
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 4.16 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Atoms Can Be Asymmetric Centers
- 4.17 Receptors
- MEDICAL CONNECTION: The Enantiomers of Thalidomide
- 4.18 How Enantiomers Can Be Separated
- PHARMACEUTICAL CONNECTION: Chiral Drugs
- ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS
- PROBLEMS
- TUTORIAL Interconverting Structural Representations
- 5 Alkenes: Structure, Nomenclature, and an Introduction to Reactivity Thermodynamics and Kinetics
- ENVIRONMENTAL CONNECTION: Pheromones
- 5.1 Molecular Formulas and the Degree of Unsaturation
- 5.2 The Nomenclature of Alkenes
- 5.3 The Structure of Alkenes.
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 5.4 How An Organic Compound Reacts Depends on Its Functional Group
- 5.5 How Alkenes React Curved Arrows Show the Flow of Electrons
- GENERAL CONNECTION: A Few Words About Curved Arrows
- 5.6 Thermodynamics: How Much Product is Formed?
- 5.7 Increasing the Amount of Product Formed in a Reaction
- 5.8 Calculating &
- #916
- H° Values
- 5.9 Using &
- #916
- H° Values to Determine the Relative Stabilities of Alkenes
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- NUTRITIONAL CONNECTION: Trans Fats
- 5.10 Kinetics: How Fast is the Product Formed?
- 5.11 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction
- CHEMICAL CONNECTION: The Difference between 5.11 The Rate of a Chemical Reaction &
- #916
- G[Sup(&
- #0135
- )] and E[Sub(a)]
- 5.12 A Reaction Coordinate Diagram Describes the Energy Changes That Take Place During a Reaction
- 5.13 Catalysis
- 5.14 Catalysis by Enzymes
- ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS
- PROBLEMS
- CHEMICAL CONNECTION: Calculating Kinetic Parameters
- TUTORIAL Drawing Curved Arrows
- 6 The Reactions of Alkenes The Stereochemistry of Addition Reactions
- 6.1 The Addition of a Hydrogen Halide to an Alkene
- 6.2 Carbocation Stability Depends on the Number of Alkyl Groups Attached to the Positively Charged Carbon
- 6.3 What Does the Structure of the Transition State Look Like?
- 6.4 Electrophilic Addition Reactions Are Regioselective
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 6.5 The Addition of Water to an Alkene
- 6.6 The Addition of an Alcohol to an Alkene
- 6.7 A Carbocation Will Rearrange if It Can Form a More Stable Carbocation
- 6.8 The Addition of Borane to an Alkene: Hydroboration-Oxidation
- CHEMICAL CONNECTION: Borane and Diborane
- 6.9 The Addition of a Halogen to an Alkene
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 6.10 The Addition of a Peroxyacid to an Alkene
- 6.11 The Addition of Ozone to an Alkene: Ozonolysis.
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 6.12 Regioselective, Stereoselective, And Stereospecific Reactions
- 6.13 The Stereochemistry of Electrophilic Addition Reactions
- CHEMICAL CONNECTION: Cyclic Alkenes
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 6.14 The Stereochemistry of Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions
- 6.15 Enantiomers Can Be Distinguished by Biological Molecules
- CHEMICAL CONNECTION: Chiral Catalysts
- 6.16 Reactions and Synthesis
- ENVIRONMENTAL CONNECTION: Which are More Harmful: Natural Pesticides or Synthetic Pesticides?
- ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS
- SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
- PROBLEMS
- 7 The Reactions of Alkynes An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis
- MEDICAL CONNECTION: Synthetic Alkynes Are Used to Treat Parkinson's Disease
- PHARMACEUTICAL CONNECTION: Why Are Drugs so Expensive?
- 7.1 The Nomenclature of Alkynes
- MEDICAL CONNECTION: Synthetic Alkynes Are Used for Birth Control
- 7.2 How to Name a Compound That Has More than One Functional Group
- 7.3 The Structure of Alkynes
- BIOLOGICAL CONNECTION: How a Banana Slug Knows What to Eat
- 7.4 The Physical Properties of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
- 7.5 The Reactivity of Alkynes
- 7.6 The Addition of Hydrogen Halides and the Addition of Halogens to an Alkyne
- 7.7 The Addition of Water to an Alkyne
- 7.8 The Addition of Borane to an Alkyne: Hydroboration-Oxidation
- 7.9 The Addition of Hydrogen to an Alkyne
- 7.10 A Hydrogen Bonded to an sp Carbon Is "Acidic
- CHEMICAL CONNECTION: Sodium Amide and Sodium in Ammonia
- PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY
- 7.11 Synthesis Using Acetylide Ions
- 7.12 DESIGNING A SYNTHESIS I: An Introduction to Multistep Synthesis
- ENVIRONMENTAL CONNECTION: Green Chemistry: Aiming for Sustainability
- ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS
- SUMMARY OF REACTIONS
- PROBLEMS.
- 8 Delocalized Electrons: Their Effect on Stability, pK[Sub(a)] , and the Products of a Reaction Aromaticity and Electronic Effects: An Introduction to the Reactions of Benzene.
