Lithium sulfur batteries

A guide to lithium sulfur batteries that explores their materials, electrochemical mechanisms and modelling and includes recent scientific developments Lithium Sulfur Batteries (Li-S) offers a comprehensive examination of Li-S batteries from the viewpoint of the materials used in their construction,...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Otros Autores:	Offer, Greg, 1978- editor (editor), Wild, Mark, 1974- editor
Formato:	Libro electrónico
Idioma:	Inglés
Publicado:	Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley 2019.
Edición:	1st edition
Colección:	THEi Wiley ebooks.
Materias:	Lithium-sulfur batteries.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:	https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009631554706719

Tabla de Contenidos:

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Part I Materials
Chapter 1 Electrochemical Theory and Physics
1.1 Overview of a LiS cell
1.2 The Development of the Cell Voltage
1.2.1 Using the Electrochemical Potential
1.2.2 Electrochemical Reactions
1.2.3 The Electric Double Layer
1.2.4 Reaction Equilibrium
1.2.5 A Finite Electrolyte
1.2.6 The Need for a Second Electrode
1.3 Allowing a Current to Flow
1.3.1 The Reaction Overpotential
1.3.2 The Transport Overpotential
1.3.3 General Comments on the Overpotentials
1.4 Additional Processes Which Define the Behavior of a LiS Cell
1.4.1 Multiple Electrochemical Reactions at One Surface
1.4.2 Chemical Reactions
1.4.3 Species Solubility and Indirect Reaction Effects
1.4.4 Transport Limitations in the Cathode
1.4.5 The Active Surface Area
1.4.6 Precipitate Accumulation
1.4.7 Electrolyte Viscosity, Conductivity, and Species Transport
1.4.8 Side Reactions and SEI Formation at the Anode
1.4.9 Anode Morphological Changes
1.4.10 Polysulfide Shuttle
1.5 Summary
References
Chapter 2 Sulfur Cathodes
2.1 Cathode Design Criteria
2.1.1 Overview of Cathode Components and Composition
2.1.2 Cathode Design: Role of Electrolyte in Sulfur Cathode Chemistry
2.1.3 Cathode Design: Impact on Energy Density on Cell Level
2.1.4 Cathode Design: Impact on Cycle Life and Self‐discharge
2.1.5 Cathode Design: Impact on Rate Capability
2.2 Cathode Materials
2.2.1 Properties of Sulfur
2.2.2 Porous and Nanostructured Carbons as Conductive Cathode Scaffolds
2.2.2.1 Graphite‐Like Carbons
2.2.2.2 Synthesis of Graphite‐like Carbons
2.2.2.3 Carbon Black
2.2.2.4 Activated Carbons
2.2.2.5 Carbide‐Derived Carbon
2.2.2.6 Hard‐Template‐Assisted Carbon Synthesis
2.2.2.7 Carbon Surface Chemistry.
2.2.3 Carbon/Sulfur Composite Cathodes
2.2.3.1 Microporous Carbons
2.2.3.2 Mesoporous Carbons
2.2.3.3 Macroporous Carbons and Nanotube-based Cathode Systems
2.2.3.4 Hierarchical Mesoporous Carbons
2.2.3.5 Hierarchical Microporous Carbons
2.2.3.6 Hollow Carbon Spheres
2.2.3.7 Graphene
2.2.4 Retention of LiPS by Surface Modifications and Coating
2.2.4.1 Metal Oxides as Adsorbents for Lithium Polysulfides
2.3 Cathode Processing
2.3.1 Methods for C/S Composite Preparation
2.3.2 Wet (Organic, Aqueous) and Dry Coating for Cathode Production
2.3.3 Alternative Cathode Support Concepts (Carbon Current Collectors, Binder‐free Electrodes)
2.3.4 Processing Perspective for Carbons, Binders, and Additives
2.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Electrolyte for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
3.1 The Case for Better Batteries
3.2 Li-S Battery: Origins and Principles
3.3 Solubility of Species and Electrochemistry
3.4 Liquid Electrolyte Solutions
3.5 Modified Liquid Electrolyte Solutions
3.5.1 Variation in Electrolyte Salt Concentration
3.5.2 Mixed Organic-Ionic Liquid Electrolyte Solutions
3.5.3 Ionic Liquid Electrolyte Solutions
3.6 Solid and Solidified Electrolyte Configurations
3.6.1 Polymer Electrolytes
3.6.1.1 Absorbed Liquid/Gelled Electrolyte
3.6.1.2 Solid Polymer Electrolytes
3.6.2 Non‐polymer Solid Electrolytes
3.7 Challenges of the Cathode and Solvent for Device Engineering
3.7.1 The Cathode Loading Challenge
3.7.2 Cathode Wetting Challenge
3.8 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
References
Chapter 4 Anode-Electrolyte Interface
4.1 Introduction
4.2 SEI Formation
4.3 Anode Morphology
4.4 Polysulfide Shuttle
4.5 Electrolyte Additives for Stable SEI Formation
4.6 Barrier Layers on the Anode
4.7 A Systemic Approach
References.
Part II Mechanisms
Chapter 5 Molecular Level Understanding of the Interactions Between Reaction Intermediates of Li-S Energy Storage Systems and Ether Solvents
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Computational Details
5.3 Results and Discussions
5.3.1 Reactivity of Li-S Intermediates with Dimethoxy Ethane (DME)
5.3.2 Kinetic Stability of Ethers in the Presence of Lithium Polysulfide
5.3.3 Linear Fluorinated Ethers
5.4 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 Lithium Sulfide
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Li2S as the End Discharge Product
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 Discharge Product: Li2S or Li2S2/Li2S?
6.2.3 A Survey of Experimental and Theoretical Findings Involving Li2S and Li2S2 Formation and Proposed Reduction Pathways
6.2.4 Mechanistic Insight into Li2S/Li2S2 Nucleation and Growth
6.2.5 Strategies to Limit Li2S Precipitation and Enhance the Capacity
6.2.6 Charge Mechanism and its Difficulties
6.3 Li2S‐Based Cathodes: Toward a Li Ion System
6.3.1 General
6.3.2 Initial Activation of Li2S - Mechanism of First Charge
6.3.3 Recent Developments in Li2S Cathodes for Improved Performances
6.4 Summary
References
Chapter 7 Degradation in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Degradation Processes Within a Lithium-Sulfur Cell
7.2.1 Degradation at Cathode
7.2.2 Degradation at Anode
7.2.3 Degradation in Electrolyte
7.2.4 Degradation Due to Operating Conditions: Temperature, C‐Rates, and Pressure
7.2.5 Degradation Due to Geometry: Scale‐Up and Topology
7.3 Capacity Fade Models
7.3.1 Dendrite Models
7.3.2 Equivalent Circuit Network Models
7.4 Methods of Detecting and Measuring Degradation
7.4.1 Incremental Capacity Analysis
7.4.2 Differential Thermal Voltammetry
7.4.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
7.4.4 Resistance Curves.
7.4.5 Macroscopic Indicators
7.5 Methods for Countering Degradation
7.6 Future Direction
References
Part III Modeling
Chapter 8 Lithium-Sulfur Model Development
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Zero‐Dimensional Model
8.2.1 Model Formulation
8.2.1.1 Electrochemical Reactions
8.2.1.2 Shuttle and Precipitation
8.2.1.3 Time Evolution of Species
8.2.1.4 Model Implementation
8.2.2 Basic Charge/Discharge Behaviors
8.3 Modeling Voltage Loss in Li-S Cells
8.3.1 Electrolyte Resistance
8.3.2 Anode Potential
8.3.3 Surface Passivation
8.3.4 Transport Limitation
8.4 Higher Dimensional Models
8.4.1 One‐Dimensional Models
8.4.2 Multi‐Scale Models
8.5 Summary
References
Chapter 9 Battery Management Systems - State Estimation for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
9.1 Motivation
9.1.1 Capacity
9.1.2 State of Charge (SoC)
9.1.3 State of Health (SoH)
9.1.4 Limitations of Existing Battery State Estimation Techniques
9.1.4.1 SoC Estimation from ``Coulomb Counting''
9.1.4.2 SoC Estimation from Open‐Circuit Voltage (OCV)
9.1.5 Direction of Current Work
9.2 Experimental Environment for Li-S Algorithm Development
9.2.1 Pulse Discharge Tests
9.2.2 Driving Cycle Tests
9.3 State Estimation Techniques from Control Theory
9.3.1 Electrochemical Models
9.3.2 Equivalent Circuit Network (ECN) Models
9.3.3 Kalman Filters and Their Derivatives
9.4 State Estimation Techniques from Computer Science
9.4.1 ANFIS as a Modeling Tool
9.4.2 Human Knowledge and Fuzzy Inference Systems (FIS)
9.4.3 Adaptive Neuro‐Fuzzy Inference Systems
9.4.4 State‐of‐Charge Estimation Using ANFIS
9.5 Conclusions and Further Directions
Acknowledgments
References
Part IV Application
Chapter 10 Commercial Markets for Li-S
10.1 Technology Strengths Meet Market Needs
10.1.1 Weight.
10.1.2 Safety
10.1.3 Cost
10.1.4 Temperature Tolerance
10.1.5 Shipment and Storage
10.1.6 Power Characteristics
10.1.7 Environmentally Friendly Technology (Clean Tech)
10.1.8 Pressure Tolerance
10.1.9 Control
10.2 Electric Aircraft
10.3 Satellites
10.4 Cars
10.5 Buses
10.6 Trucks
10.7 Electric Scooter and Electric Bikes
10.8 Marine
10.9 Energy Storage
10.10 Low‐Temperature Applications
10.11 Defense
10.12 Looking Ahead
10.13 Conclusion
Chapter 11 Battery Engineering
11.1 Mechanical Considerations
11.2 Thermal and Electrical Considerations
References
Chapter 12 Case Study
12.1 Introduction
12.2 A Potted History of Eternal Solar Flight
12.3 Why Has It Been So Difficult?
12.4 Objectives of HALE UAV
12.4.1 Stay Above the Cloud
12.4.2 Stay Above the Wind
12.4.3 Stay in the Sun
12.4.4 Year‐Round Markets
12.4.5 Seasonal Markets
12.4.6 How Valuable Are These Markets and What Does That Mean for the Battery?
12.5 Worked Example - HALE UAV
12.6 Cells, Batteries, and Real Life
12.6.1 Cycle Life, Charge, and Discharge Rates
12.6.2 Payload
12.6.3 Avionics
12.6.4 Temperature
12.6.5 End‐of‐Life Performance
12.6.6 Protection
12.6.7 Balancing - Useful Capacity
12.6.8 Summary of Real‐World Issues
12.7 A Quick Aside on Regenerative Fuel Cells
12.8 So What Do We Need from Our Battery Suppliers?
12.9 The Challenges for Battery Developers
12.10 The Answer to the Title
12.11 Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Index
EULA.

Lithium sulfur batteries

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