Operation and control of renewable energy systems

Operation and control of renewable energy systems

A comprehensive reference to renewable energy technologies with a focus on power generation and integration into power systems This book addresses the generation of energy (primarily electrical) through various renewable sources. It discusses solar and wind power—two major resources that are now in...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Otros Autores: Ahmad, Mukhtar, 1948- author (author)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley 2018.
Edición:1st edition
Materias:
Electric power systems > Control.
Interconnected electric utility systems.
Renewable energy sources.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009631511406719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Cover
  • Title Page
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • Preface
  • Chapter 1 Sources of Energy and Technologies
  • 1.1 Energy Uses in Different Countries
  • 1.2 Energy Sources
  • 1.2.1 Non‐Renewable Energy Resources
  • 1.2.2 Renewable Sources of Energy
  • 1.3 Energy and Environment
  • 1.3.1 Climate Change
  • 1.4 Review of Technologies for Renewable Energy System
  • 1.4.1 Fluid Dynamics
  • 1.4.1.1 Conservation of Mass
  • 1.4.1.2 Conservation of Momentum
  • 1.4.1.3 Conservation of Energy
  • 1.5 Thermodynamics
  • 1.5.1 Enthalpy
  • 1.5.2 Specific Heat
  • 1.5.3 Zeroth Law
  • 1.5.4 First Law
  • 1.5.4.1 Limitations of First law
  • 1.5.5 Second Law of Thermodynamics
  • 1.5.5.1 Kelvin-Planck Statement
  • 1.5.5.2 Clausius Statement
  • 1.5.6 Third Law of Thermodynamics
  • 1.6 Thermodynamic Power Cycles
  • 1.6.1 Ideal Cycle (Carnot Cycle)
  • 1.6.2 Rankine Cycle
  • 1.6.3 Brayton Cycle
  • 1.7 Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 2 Power Electronic Converters
  • 2.1 Types of Power Electronic Converters
  • 2.2 Power Semiconductor Devices
  • 2.2.1 Thyristor
  • 2.2.1.1 Line Commutation
  • 2.2.1.2 Load Commutation
  • 2.2.1.3 Forced Commutation
  • 2.2.2 Gate Turn‐Off Thyristor (GTO)
  • 2.2.3 Power Bipolar Junction Transistor
  • 2.2.4 Power MOSFET
  • 2.2.5 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT)
  • 2.3 ac‐to‐dc Converters
  • 2.3.1 Single‐Phase Diode Bridge Rectifiers
  • 2.3.2 Three‐Phase Full‐Wave Bridge Diode Rectifiers
  • 2.3.3 Single‐Phase Fully Controlled Rectifiers
  • 2.3.4 Three‐Phase Fully Controlled Bridge Converter
  • 2.4 dc‐to‐ac Converters (Inverters)
  • 2.4.1 Single‐Phase Voltage Source Inverters
  • 2.4.2 Square‐Wave PWM Inverter
  • 2.4.3 Single‐Pulse‐Width Modulation
  • 2.4.4 Multiple‐Pulse‐Width Modulation
  • 2.4.5 Sinusoidal‐Pulse‐Width Modulation
  • 2.4.6 Three‐Phase Voltage Source Inverters
  • 2.4.7 Single‐Phase Current Source Inverters.
  • 2.4.7.1 Three‐Phase Current Source Inverter
  • 2.5 Multilevel Inverters
  • 2.5.1 Diode‐Clamped Multilevel Inverter
  • 2.5.2 Flying‐Capacitor Multilevel Inverter
  • 2.5.3 Cascaded Multicell with Different dc Source Inverter
  • 2.6 Resonant Converters
  • 2.6.1 Series Resonant Converter
  • 2.6.1.1 Discontinuous Conduction Mode
  • 2.6.2 Parallel Resonant Inverter
  • 2.6.3 ZCS Resonant Converters
  • 2.6.4 ZVS Resonant Converter
  • 2.6.5 Resonant dc‐Link Inverters
  • 2.7 Matrix Converters
  • 2.8 Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 3 Renewable Energy Generator Technology
  • 3.1 Energy Conversion
  • 3.2 Power Conversion and Control of Wind Energy Systems
  • 3.2.1 Induction Generator
  • 3.2.2 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
  • 3.2.3 Linear PM Synchronous Machine
  • 3.3 Operation and Control of Induction Generators for WES
  • 3.3.1 Equivalent Circuit
  • 3.3.2 Wound‐Rotor Induction Machine
  • 3.3.3 Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)
  • 3.3.3.1 Equivalent Circuit of DGIG
  • 3.3.3.2 Braking System
  • 3.4 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
  • 3.4.1 Modelling of PMSG
  • 3.5 Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) Technologies
  • 3.5.1 Linear Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine
  • 3.5.2 Tubular Permanent Magnet Linear Wave Generator (TPMLWG)
  • 3.5.3 Linear Induction Machines
  • 3.6 Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 4 Grid‐Scale Energy Storage
  • 4.1 Requirement of Energy Storage
  • 4.2 Types of Energy Storage Technologies
  • 4.3 Electromechanical Storage
  • 4.3.1 Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) System
  • 4.3.2 Underground Pumped Hydro Energy Storage
  • 4.3.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage
  • 4.3.4 Flywheel Storage
  • 4.3.4.1 Energy Stored in Flywheel
  • 4.3.4.2 Motors for Flywheels
  • 4.4 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
  • 4.5 Supercapacitors
  • 4.5.1 Equivalent Circuit
  • 4.6 Chemical Storage (Batteries)
  • 4.6.1 Lead-acid Battery
  • 4.6.2 UltraBattery.
  • 4.6.3 Lithium‐ion Battery
  • 4.6.4 Liquid metal battery
  • 4.6.5 Flow Battery
  • 4.6.6 Nickle‐Based Battery
  • 4.7 Thermal Storage
  • 4.7.1 Sensible Heat Storage
  • 4.7.2 Latent Heat Storage
  • 4.7.3 Thermochemical Energy Storage (TES)
  • 4.8 Hydrogen Energy Storage Technology
  • 4.9 Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 5 Solar Energy Systems
  • 5.1 Sun as Source of Energy
  • 5.2 Solar Radiations on Earth
  • 5.2.1 Spectral Distribution of Solar Energy
  • 5.3 Measurement of Solar Radiation
  • 5.3.1 Pyrheliometer
  • 5.3.2 Pyranometer
  • 5.3.3 Sources of Errors in Radiation Meters
  • 5.3.4 Sunshine Recorder
  • 5.4 Solar Radiation on Different Surfaces
  • 5.4.1 Zenith and Zenith Angle
  • 5.4.2 Solar Time
  • 5.4.3 Latitude (∅)
  • 5.4.4 Declination Angle (δ)
  • 5.4.5 Hour Angle (ω)
  • 5.4.6 Surface Azimuth Angle (Y)
  • 5.4.7 Tilt Angle (β)
  • 5.4.8 Angle of Incidence
  • 5.4.9 Solar Radiation on an Inclined Surface
  • 5.5 Utilization of Solar Energy
  • 5.6 Solar Thermal Systems
  • 5.6.1 Flat‐Plate Collectors
  • 5.6.1.1 Thermal Performance of Collector
  • 5.6.2 Evacuated Tube Collector
  • 5.6.2.1 Direct‐Flow Evacuated Tube Collector
  • 5.6.2.2 Heat‐Pipe Evacuated Tube Collector
  • 5.6.3 Parabolic Collectors
  • 5.6.4 Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR)
  • 5.6.5 Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC)
  • 5.6.6 Cylindrical Trough Collector (CTC)
  • 5.6.7 Parabolic Dish Reflector
  • 5.6.8 Heliostat Field Collector (HFC)
  • 5.7 Application of Solar Energy
  • 5.7.1 Solar Water Heating
  • 5.7.2 Passive Systems with Thermosiphon Circulation
  • 5.7.3 Integrated Collector Storage Systems (Passive)
  • 5.7.4 Active Solar Systems
  • 5.7.4.1 Direct Circulation Systems
  • 5.7.4.2 Indirect Circulation (Closed‐Loop) Systems
  • 5.7.5 Air Heating Systems
  • 5.8 Solar Thermal Power Generation
  • 5.9 Desalination of Water
  • 5.10 Steam Pressurization Systems Using Heat Energy
  • 5.11 Summary.
  • References
  • Chapter 6 Photovoltaic Systems
  • 6.1 PV Solar Cells and Solar Module
  • 6.1.1 Semiconductor Technology
  • 6.2 Solar Cell Characteristics
  • 6.2.1 Equivalent Circuit
  • 6.2.2 Solar PV Module
  • 6.2.3 Series and Parallel Connections of Cells
  • 6.2.4 Solar PV Panel
  • 6.2.5 PV Array
  • 6.2.5.1 Design of PV System
  • 6.3 Maximizing Power Output of PV Array
  • 6.3.1 Solar Tracking
  • 6.3.2 Design of Simple Automatic Solar Tracker
  • 6.3.3 Load Matching for Optimal Operation
  • 6.4 Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm
  • 6.4.1 Constant‐Voltage Method
  • 6.4.2 Hill‐Climbing/Perturb and Observe Techniques
  • 6.4.2.1 Perturb and Observe
  • 6.4.3 Incremental Conductance (IC)
  • 6.5 Types of Solar Cells and Technologies
  • 6.5.1 Crystalline Solar Cells
  • 6.5.1.1 Monocrystalline Solar Cells
  • 6.5.1.2 Polycrystalline Silicon Cells
  • 6.6 Thin‐Film Solar Cells
  • 6.6.1 Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells (a‐Si)
  • 6.6.2 Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)
  • 6.6.3 Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide (CIGS)
  • 6.6.4 Copper Indium Selenide (CIS)
  • 6.6.5 Crystalline Silicon (c‐si) Thin‐Film Solar Cells
  • 6.7 Concentrating Photovoltaic Systems
  • 6.8 New Emerging Technologies
  • 6.9 Solar PV Systems
  • 6.9.1 Grid‐Connected PV System
  • 6.9.2 Grid‐Connected System without Battery Storage
  • 6.9.3 Grid‐Connected System with Battery Storage
  • 6.10 Design and Control of Stand‐Alone PV System
  • 6.10.1 Battery Rating
  • 6.11 Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 7 Wind Energy
  • 7.1 Wind as Source of Energy
  • 7.1.1 Origin of Wind
  • 7.1.2 Wind Power Potential
  • 7.2 Power and Energy in Wind
  • 7.3 Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines
  • 7.3.1 Momentum
  • 7.4 Types of Wind Turbines
  • 7.4.1 Horizontal‐Axis Wind Turbines
  • 7.4.1.1 Horizontal‐Axis Wind Turbines with Wake Rotation
  • 7.4.2 Vertical‐Axis Wind Turbines
  • 7.4.3 Main Components of Wind Turbine
  • 7.4.3.1 Drive Train.
  • 7.5 Dynamics and Control of Wind Turbines
  • 7.5.1 Pitch Control
  • 7.5.2 Yaw Control
  • 7.5.3 Passive and Active Stall Power Control
  • 7.5.3.1 Passive Stall Control
  • 7.5.3.2 Active Stall Control
  • 7.6 Wind Turbine Condition Monitoring
  • 7.7 Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS)
  • 7.7.1 Based on Capacity of Power Generation
  • 7.7.2 Systems without Power Electronics
  • 7.8 Offshore Wind Energy
  • 7.8.1 Offshore Wind Turbines
  • 7.8.2 Foundation
  • 7.8.3 Electrical Connection and Installation
  • 7.8.4 Operation and Maintenance
  • 7.9 Advantages of Offshore Wind Energy Systems
  • 7.10 Environmental Impact of Wind Energy Systems
  • 7.10.1 Impact of Noise
  • 7.10.2 Electromagnetic Interference
  • 7.11 Combining the Wind Power Generation System with Energy Storage
  • 7.12 Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 8 Biomass Energy Systems
  • 8.1 Biomass Energy
  • 8.2 Biomass Production
  • 8.2.1 Forest Industries
  • 8.2.2 Forest Residues
  • 8.2.2.1 Forest Thinnings
  • 8.2.3 Agriculture Residues
  • 8.2.4 Energy Crops
  • 8.2.5 Food and Industrial Wastes
  • 8.3 Biomass Conversion Process
  • 8.4 Thermochemical Conversion
  • 8.4.1 Combustion
  • 8.4.2 Gasification
  • 8.4.2.1 Applications
  • 8.4.3 Pyrolysis
  • 8.4.3.1 Torrefaction
  • 8.4.4 Liquefaction
  • 8.5 Biochemical/Biological Conversion
  • 8.5.1 Fermentation
  • 8.5.2 Anaerobic Digestion
  • 8.5.3 Anaerobic Digestion Technologies Suitable for Dairy Manure
  • 8.6 Classification of Biogas Plants
  • 8.7 Mechanical Extraction (with Esterification)
  • 8.8 Municipal Solid Waste to Energy Conversion
  • 8.9 The Production of Electricity from Wood and Other Solid Biomass
  • 8.10 Summary
  • References
  • Chapter 9 Geothermal Energy
  • 9.1 The Origin of Geothermal Energy
  • 9.2 Types of Geothermal Resources
  • 9.3 Hydrothermal Resources
  • 9.3.1 Vapour‐Dominated Systems
  • 9.3.2 Water‐Dominated Systems.
  • 9.4 The Geopressured Resources.

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