Handbook of biofuels production

Handbook of biofuels production

Handbook of Biofuels Production, Second Edition, discusses advanced chemical, biochemical, and thermochemical biofuels production routes that are fast being developed to address the global increase in energy usage. Research and development in this field is aimed at improving the quality and environ...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Otros Autores: Luque, Rafael, author (author), Luque, Rafael, editor (editor), Lin, Carol Sze Ki, editor, Wilson, Karen, editor
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Amsterdam, Netherlands : Woodhead Publishing 2016.
Edición:Second edition
Colección:Woodhead Publishing in energy ; Number 98.
Materias:
Biomass energy.
Renewable energy sources.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009630343006719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Front Cover
  • Handbook of Biofuels Production
  • Related titles
  • Handbook of Biofuels Production
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • List of contributors
  • Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy
  • One - Key issues and assessment of biofuels production
  • 1 - Introduction: an overview of biofuels and production technologies
  • 1.1 Introduction
  • 1.2 Development of (bio)chemical conversion technologies
  • 1.3 Development of biological conversion technologies
  • 1.4 Thermochemical conversion technologies
  • 1.5 Process integration and biorefinery
  • 1.6 Future trends
  • Acknowledgment
  • References
  • 2 - Multiple objectives policies for biofuels production: environmental, socio-economic, and regulatory issues
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Energy security and supply
  • 2.2.1 European Union
  • 2.2.2 Brazil
  • 2.2.3 United States
  • 2.2.4 China
  • 2.3 Emission reductions, land use, and other environmental impacts
  • 2.4 Food safety and development of rural areas
  • 2.5 Biofuels support policies
  • 2.5.1 Climate-change mitigation policies
  • 2.6 Conclusions
  • 2.6.1 Future prospects
  • References
  • 3 - Life cycle sustainability assessment of biofuels
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Main challenges for biofuel sustainability
  • 3.2.1 The necessity for "green biofuels"
  • 3.2.2 Effective sustainability schemes for biofuels
  • 3.2.3 Scientific studies for biofuel sustainability certification
  • 3.3 Life cycle sustainability assessment methodology
  • 3.3.1 Goal and scope definition
  • 3.3.2 Life Cycle Inventory
  • 3.3.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)
  • 3.3.4 Interpretation
  • 3.4 LCA considerations of biomass to biofuel conversion routes
  • 3.4.1 First-generation biofuels
  • 3.4.2 Second-generation biofuels
  • 3.4.3 Third- and fourth-generation biofuels
  • 3.5 Overview of major findings of selected LCA studies in biofuel production.
  • 3.5.1 Selected LCA studies on energy crops
  • 3.5.2 Selected LCA studies on solid biofuels upgrade
  • 3.5.3 Selected LCA studies on biofuel thermochemical pretreatment
  • 3.5.4 Selected LCA studies on the overall impact of biofuel production
  • 3.6 Conclusions
  • References
  • 4 - Biofuels: technology, economics, and policy issues
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Moving from fossil fuel to biofuels: insights from socio-technical transition theory
  • 4.3 Assessing first- and next-generation biofuels
  • 4.3.1 First generation: bioethanol, biodiesel, and other biofuels
  • 4.3.1.1 Bioethanol
  • 4.3.1.2 Biodiesel
  • 4.3.1.3 Other biofuels
  • 4.3.2 Beyond the first-generation biofuels
  • 4.3.3 Integrated biorefineries: making biofuel along with other high-added value products
  • 4.4 Economic, environmental, and social issues
  • 4.4.1 Socioeconomic issues
  • 4.4.2 Socio-environmental issues
  • 4.5 Policy actions and the regulatory framework
  • 4.5.1 The Brazilian incentive and regulatory systems
  • 4.5.2 The US incentive and regulatory systems
  • 4.5.3 The European incentive and regulatory systems
  • 4.6 Conclusions
  • References
  • 5 - Feedstocks and challenges to biofuel development
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Edible vegetable raw materials for biodiesel production
  • 5.2.1 Rapeseed/canola seed
  • 5.2.2 Sunflower seed
  • 5.2.3 Palm tree
  • 5.2.4 Soybean seed
  • 5.2.5 Peanut seed
  • 5.2.6 Cotton seed
  • 5.3 Nonedible/low-cost raw materials for diesel engine biofuel production
  • 5.3.1 Green canola seed
  • 5.3.2 Callophyllum inophyllum L.
  • 5.3.3 Annona
  • 5.3.4 Croton megalocarpus
  • 5.3.5 Azadirachta indica
  • 5.3.6 Waste oils
  • 5.3.7 Other sources of low-cost, renewable oil for biofuel production
  • 5.4 Raw materials for bioethanol production
  • 5.4.1 Most frequent raw materials for bioethanol production
  • 5.4.1.1 Raw materials employed by country.
  • 5.4.2 Challenges for sustainable bioethanol production
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • Two - Biofuels from chemical and biochemical conversion processes and technologies
  • 6 - Production of biodiesel via catalytic upgrading and refining of sustainable oleagineous feedstocks
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.1.1 Major issues in biodiesel production
  • 6.1.1.1 Oil depletion issues
  • 6.1.1.2 Problems of homogeneously catalyzed biodiesel production
  • 6.2 General background to biodiesel
  • 6.2.1 Biodiesel as an alternative fuel
  • 6.2.2 The biodiesel production process
  • 6.2.2.1 The transesterification reaction
  • 6.2.3 Oil feedstocks for biodiesel production
  • 6.2.3.1 First and second generation biodiesel fuels
  • 6.2.3.2 Nonedible vegetable oils and their lipid composition
  • 6.3 Recent robust technology in biodiesel catalysis
  • 6.3.1 Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous catalysis
  • 6.3.2 Solid base catalysts
  • 6.3.3 Solid acid catalysts
  • 6.3.3.1 Templated mesoporous materials: effect of pore networks and surface functionality
  • 6.3.3.2 Hierarchical macroporous-mesoporous solid acid and base materials
  • 6.4 Concluding remarks
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 7 - Biochemical catalytic production of biodiesel
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Lipases
  • 7.3 Enzymatic production of biodiesel
  • 7.3.1 Extracellular and intracellular lipases
  • 7.3.2 Lipase immobilization
  • 7.3.2.1 Immobilization of lipase by physical adsorption
  • 7.3.2.2 Immobilization of lipase by ionic bonding versus covalent bonding
  • 7.3.2.3 Immobilization of lipase by entrapment or encapsulation
  • 7.3.2.4 Immobilization of lipase by cross-linking
  • 7.3.2.5 Commercialization of immobilized lipase for biodiesel production
  • 7.3.3 Variables affecting the enzymatic transesterification reaction
  • 7.3.3.1 Lipid source
  • 7.3.3.2 Acyl acceptor
  • 7.3.3.3 Temperature.
  • 7.3.3.4 Water content
  • 7.3.3.5 Inhibition by alcohol
  • 7.3.3.6 Inhibition by glycerol
  • 7.3.3.7 Pretreatment for improving lipase stability
  • 7.4 New tendencies in enzymatic production of biodiesel
  • 7.4.1 Novel immobilization techniques
  • 7.4.2 Use of lipases from different sources in combination
  • 7.4.3 Ionic liquids as solvent in enzyme-catalyzed transesterification
  • 7.4.4 Enzyme-catalyzed transesterification under supercritical CO2 medium
  • 7.4.5 Statistical approaches for optimization of reaction
  • 7.4.6 Enzyme-catalyzed transesterification for low-cost and high free-fatty-acid feedstocks
  • 7.5 Biofuels similar to biodiesel produced using several acyl acceptors, different to methanol
  • 7.5.1 Biodiesel produced together to glycerol triacetate in the same transesterification process of oils and fats
  • 7.5.2 Biodiesel produced together to fatty acid glycerol carbonate esters in the same transesterification process of oils and fats
  • 7.5.3 Biodiesel produced together to monoacylglycerol in the same transesterification process of oils and fats
  • 7.6 Industrial biodiesel production using enzymes
  • 7.7 Conclusions
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 8 - Production of fuels from microbial oil using oleaginous microorganisms
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Oleaginous yeasts and raw materials used for microbial oil production
  • 8.2.1 Food supply chain wastes
  • 8.2.2 Biodiesel industry by-products
  • 8.2.3 Lignocellulosic resources
  • 8.2.4 Other industrial wastes and by-product streams
  • 8.3 The biochemistry of lipid accumulation in the oleaginous microorganisms
  • 8.3.1 General remarks
  • 8.3.2 Lipid accumulation from fermentation of sugars and related substrates used as the sole carbon source
  • 8.3.3 Lipid production from fermentation of hydrophobic materials used as the sole carbon source.
  • 8.4 Microbial oil production in fed-batch cultures
  • 8.5 Biodiesel production from microbial oil
  • 8.5.1 Biodiesel properties
  • 8.5.2 Direct versus indirect transesterification of microbial oil
  • 8.6 Techno-economic evaluation of biodiesel production from microbial oil
  • 8.7 Perspective of biofuel production from microbial oil
  • References
  • 9 - Biochemical production of bioalcohols
  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Types of biomass for bioalcohol production
  • 9.2.1 Characteristics of biomass
  • 9.2.2 Availability of biomass
  • 9.2.3 Processing of biomass
  • 9.3 Bioalcohols
  • 9.3.1 Types of bioalcohols
  • 9.3.2 Biomethanol
  • 9.3.3 Bioethanol
  • 9.3.4 Biobutanol
  • 9.3.5 Biopropanol
  • 9.4 New technologies for bioethanol production
  • 9.4.1 Development of new energy crops and alternative feedstocks
  • 9.4.1.1 High fermentable corn (HFC) hybrids
  • 9.4.1.2 Corn with endogenous alpha-amylase
  • 9.4.1.3 Oil-producing sugarcane (lipidcane)
  • 9.4.1.4 Food waste
  • 9.4.2 Technologies to reduce substrate and product inhibition
  • 9.4.2.1 Granular starch hydrolyzing (GSH) enzymes (reducing substrate inhibition)
  • 9.4.2.2 In situ ethanol stripping using vacuum (reducing product inhibition)
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 10 - Production of biogas via anaerobic digestion
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.1.1 The principles of the anaerobic digestion process
  • 10.2 Factors affecting the anaerobic digestion process
  • 10.2.1 Temperature
  • 10.2.2 pH, free ammonia, and volatile fatty acids
  • 10.2.3 Feedstock composition
  • 10.3 Advantages and limitations
  • 10.4 Reactor configurations
  • 10.5 Methods for enhancing the efficiency of anaerobic digestion
  • 10.5.1 Pretreatments
  • 10.5.1.1 Mechanical pretreatments
  • 10.5.1.2 Thermal pretreatments
  • 10.5.1.3 Chemical pretreatments
  • 10.5.1.4 Biological pretreatments
  • 10.5.2 Anaerobic codigestion.
  • 10.6 Process modeling.

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