Magnetic fusion energy : from experiments to power plants

Magnetic fusion energy from experiments to power plants

Magnetic Fusion Energy: From Experiments to Power Plants is a timely exploration of the field, giving readers an understanding of the experiments that brought us to the threshold of the ITER era, as well as the physics and technology research needed to take us beyond ITER to commercial fusion powe...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Otros Autores: Neilson, George, author (author), Neilson, George H. (George Hutchinson), editor (editor)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Oxford, England : Woodhead Publishing 2016.
Edición:1st edition
Colección:Woodhead Publishing in energy ; Number 99.
Materias:
Controlled fusion > Research.
Fusion reactors > Mathematical models.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009630332206719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Front Cover
  • Magnetic Fusion Energy
  • Related titles
  • Magnetic Fusion Energy
  • Copyright
  • Contents
  • List of contributors
  • Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy
  • One - Magnetic fusion issues
  • 1 - Introduction: the journey to magnetic fusion energy
  • 2 - Plasma performance, burn and sustainment
  • 2.1 Introduction
  • 2.2 Key fusion plasma physics areas related to performance, burn and sustainment
  • 2.3 Requirements for a fusion reactor
  • 2.4 The present status of physics research and future prospects
  • 2.4.1 Transport
  • 2.4.2 Stability
  • 2.4.3 α-Heating
  • 2.4.4 Tokamak operational scenarios
  • 2.5 Summary and outlook
  • References
  • 3 - Plasma exhaust
  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Plasma exhaust
  • 3.2.1 Particle exhaust
  • 3.2.2 Power exhaust
  • 3.2.3 Momentum exhaust
  • 3.3 Transients and 3D effects on plasma exhaust
  • 3.3.1 Edge localized modes
  • 3.3.2 Disruptions and 3D asymmetries
  • 3.4 PMI and materials options
  • 3.4.1 PMI at the wall, and cross-field transport
  • 3.4.2 Considerations for plasma facing materials
  • 3.4.2.1 Solids
  • 3.4.2.2 Liquids
  • 3.5 Recent challenges
  • 3.5.1 Energy confinement with a metal wall
  • 3.5.2 Contraction of the divertor heat exhaust channel with poloidal field
  • 3.6 Outlook and summary
  • References
  • 4 - Power extraction and tritium self-sufficiency
  • 4.1 Introduction
  • 4.2 Power extraction
  • 4.2.1 Heating of plasma facing components
  • 4.2.2 Primary heat transfer system
  • 4.2.3 Balance of plant
  • 4.3 Tritium production
  • References
  • Two - Experiments: scientific foundations for ITER
  • 5 - ASDEX Upgrade
  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 The ASDEX Upgrade device
  • 5.3 Plasma wall interaction
  • 5.3.1 Tungsten plasma-facing components for ASDEX Upgrade
  • 5.3.2 Retention of gases with tungsten PFCs
  • 5.3.3 Tungsten sources and transport
  • 5.4 Pedestal and H-mode physics.
  • 5.4.1 L-H transition
  • 5.4.2 Pedestal performance
  • 5.4.3 Operation at trans-Greenwald density
  • 5.4.4 Core transport
  • 5.5 Power exhaust
  • 5.5.1 Power decay length
  • 5.5.2 ELM mitigation with magnetic perturbations
  • 5.6 MHD modes and disruptions
  • 5.6.1 NTM suppression
  • 5.6.2 Disruption studies
  • 5.7 Scenario development
  • 5.7.1 ITER baseline operation
  • 5.7.2 Type I ELMy H-Modes at highest P/R values
  • 5.7.3 Scenarios at elevated central q
  • 5.8 Summary and outlook
  • Acknowledgements
  • References
  • 6 - The Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor
  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 TFTR design and capabilities
  • 6.2.1 Magnets
  • 6.2.2 Vacuum vessel, plasma-facing components, bakeout system, and other "conditioning" techniques
  • 6.2.3 Heating systems
  • 6.2.3.1 Neutral beam injection
  • 6.2.3.2 Ion cyclotron heating
  • 6.2.4 Fueling and impurity injection systems
  • 6.2.5 Tritium handling, delivery, and exhaust systems
  • 6.2.6 Tritium retention and removal
  • 6.2.7 Shielding
  • 6.2.8 Conduct of maintenance, installation, and final decommissioning
  • 6.2.9 Diagnostics
  • 6.3 TFTR operational regimes: requirements, characteristics and limitations
  • 6.3.1 Ohmically heated plasmas
  • 6.3.2 Neutral beam injection-heated plasmas
  • 6.3.2.1 L-mode
  • 6.3.2.2 Supershots in TFTR
  • 6.3.2.3 H-mode
  • 6.3.2.4 High internal inductance regime
  • 6.3.2.5 Reversed shear and enhanced reversed shear
  • 6.3.2.6 Detached plasmas and radiating mantles
  • 6.3.3 ICRF heated
  • 6.4 Main physics results from TFTR (not D-T specific)
  • 6.4.1 Thermal energy and particle confinement
  • 6.4.1.1 Confinement in ohmically heated plasmas
  • 6.4.1.2 Confinement of plasmas with dominant auxiliary heating
  • 6.4.1.3 Role of turbulent fluctuations
  • 6.4.1.4 Heat pulse propagation and perturbative transport studies.
  • 6.4.2 Neoclassical resistivity, bootstrap current, and noninductive sustainment
  • 6.4.3 Fast-ion confinement and thermalization
  • 6.4.4 ICRF physics
  • 6.4.5 Stability and other operational limits
  • 6.4.5.1 Density
  • 6.4.5.2 Current
  • 6.4.5.3 Beta
  • Kink/ballooning mode
  • Neoclassical tearing modes
  • 6.4.5.4 Wall interactions
  • 6.4.5.5 Disruptions and their avoidance
  • 6.5 Results from the D-T experiments in TFTR
  • 6.5.1 Fusion power optimization
  • 6.5.2 Isotopic effects on confinement
  • 6.5.2.1 Energy confinement
  • 6.5.2.2 Particle confinement
  • 6.5.2.3 Fast-ion confinement
  • 6.5.3 Alpha particle confinement and thermalization
  • 6.5.4 Alpha heating
  • 6.5.5 Alpha-driven instabilities and their effects on alphas
  • 6.6 Summary
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
  • 7 - JT-60U
  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Upgrade to JT-60U
  • 7.2.1 JT-60 and frontier work
  • 7.2.2 Upgrade to JT-60U and equipment enhancement
  • 7.3 Confinement innovation
  • 7.3.1 Advanced tokamak approaches
  • 7.3.2 High-βp mode plasmas
  • 7.3.3 Sustainment of high-βp mode plasmas
  • 7.3.4 Reversed shear mode plasmas
  • 7.3.5 Sustainment of reversed shear mode plasmas
  • 7.3.6 Improvement of H-mode plasmas
  • 7.3.6.1 Threshold power
  • 7.3.6.2 Grassy ELMs
  • 7.3.6.3 Effect of reduced fast ion loss
  • 7.3.6.4 Hybrid operation
  • 7.3.7 Active MHD stability control
  • 7.3.7.1 Neoclassical tearing mode suppression
  • 7.3.7.2 Resistive wall mode suppression
  • 7.3.8 Disruption mitigation
  • 7.4 Heat and particle control
  • 7.4.1 He ash exhaust
  • 7.4.2 Ar gas seeding
  • 7.4.3 Tungsten targets
  • 7.5 Heating and current drive
  • 7.5.1 N-NBI
  • 7.5.1.1 Extension of NNB system
  • 7.5.2 ECRF
  • 7.5.2.1 Extension of ECRF system
  • 7.6 Future directions
  • 7.6.1 Outlook for ITER and DEMO
  • 7.6.2 Upgrade to JT-60SA
  • 7.7 Conclusions
  • Acknowledgments
  • References.
  • 8 - Joint European Torus
  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Engineering for a fusion reactor
  • 8.3 Fusion diagnostics
  • 8.4 Disruptions
  • 8.5 Plasma-wall interactions
  • 8.6 Scrape-off layer and divertor physics
  • 8.7 Transport and confinement
  • 8.8 Stability
  • 8.9 High-fusion performance
  • 8.10 Fusion physics
  • Acknowledgement
  • References
  • 9 - Tore Supra-WEST
  • 9.1 Background and objectives of Tore Supra
  • 9.2 Plant overview
  • 9.3 Main achievements
  • 9.3.1 Superconducting magnet
  • 9.3.2 Development of actively cooled plasma facing components
  • 9.3.3 Heating and current drive systems
  • 9.3.4 Key ITER operational issues
  • 9.3.5 Ergodic divertor experiments
  • 9.3.6 Long pulse experiments
  • 9.4 Preparing ITER operation: the WEST project
  • 9.4.1 From limiter to divertor configuration
  • 9.4.2 From carbon to tungsten PFC
  • 9.4.3 Testing ITER divertor PFC in relevant tokamak conditions
  • 9.4.4 Long pulse H-mode operation in tungsten environment
  • 9.5 Conclusions and perspectives
  • References
  • 10 - Alcator C-Mod and the high magnetic field approach to fusion
  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.1.1 The advantages of high magnetic field for fusion
  • 10.1.2 Impact of high-field operation on C-Mod
  • 10.2 C-Mod engineering and technical innovations
  • 10.2.1 Magnets
  • 10.2.2 Internal hardware
  • 10.3 Divertor and boundary physics
  • 10.3.1 Operation with metal walls
  • 10.3.2 Divertor regimes
  • 10.3.3 Turbulence and anomalous transport in the boundary plasma
  • 10.4 Pedestal and edge barrier regimes
  • 10.4.1 H-modes
  • 10.4.2 I-modes
  • 10.5 Core turbulence and transport
  • 10.5.1 Self-generated flows and momentum transport
  • 10.5.2 Particle and impurity transport
  • 10.5.3 Energy transport
  • 10.6 ICRF technology and physics
  • 10.7 Implications and future directions for high-field tokamak research
  • Acknowledgments
  • References.
  • Three - Experiments: developing the basis for going beyond ITER
  • 11 - National Spherical Torus eXperiment
  • 11.1 Introduction
  • 11.2 Transport and turbulence
  • 11.3 Macroscopic stability
  • 11.4 Energetic particles
  • 11.5 Boundary physics
  • 11.6 Solenoid-free operation and wave physics
  • 11.7 NSTX-Upgrade
  • References
  • 12 - The mega amp spherical tokamak
  • 12.1 The MAST device
  • 12.2 Key scientific achievements of 15years of MAST research
  • 12.2.1 Plasma confinement
  • 12.2.1.1 Access to high confinement (H-mode)
  • 12.2.1.2 Energy confinement
  • 12.2.1.3 Particle confinement and fuelling
  • 12.2.1.4 Momentum transport
  • 12.2.2 Pedestal and ELM physics
  • 12.2.2.1 The ELM crash
  • 12.2.2.2 Pedestal evolution
  • 12.2.2.3 ELM control
  • 12.2.3 Fast-ion physics and current drive
  • 12.2.3.1 Alfvén instabilities
  • 12.2.3.2 Effect of MHD modes on fast ions
  • 12.2.3.3 Neutral beam current drive
  • 12.2.4 Scrape-off layer and exhaust physics
  • 12.2.4.1 Target heat loads
  • 12.2.4.2 SOL transport
  • 12.2.5 Macroscopic stability
  • 12.2.5.1 The internal n=1 kink mode
  • 12.2.5.2 Sawtooth physics
  • 12.2.5.3 NTM physics
  • 12.2.5.4 Disruptions
  • 12.2.6 Plasma start-up
  • 12.2.6.1 Merging compression start-up
  • 12.2.6.2 ECRH/EBW start-up and heating
  • 12.3 The upgrade to MAST
  • 12.3.1 A staged approach toward a future ST
  • 12.3.2 MAST-U as divertor test facility
  • 12.3.3 Toward a fully noninductive flat top
  • 12.3.3.1 The neutral beam current drive system
  • 12.3.3.2 The EBW current drive potential
  • References
  • 13 - Experimental advanced superconducting tokamak
  • 13.1 EAST mission and orientation
  • 13.1.1 Overview
  • 13.1.2 EAST mission and orientation
  • 13.2 Main progress and achievements on the EAST tokamak
  • 13.2.1 Development of high-performance long-pulse operation
  • 13.2.2 Main progresses in RF physics.
  • 13.2.3 MHD instabilities and error field studies on EAST.

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