Multifunctional agriculture : achieiving sustainable development in Africa

Multifunctional agriculture achieiving sustainable development in Africa

In a world increasingly challenged by the need to integrate and understand highly specialized knowledge in a multidisciplinary way, this book is innovative and perhaps unique in addressing this challenge. 　It focuses on ideas, strategies, techniques and practices spanning many disciplines　at the int...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Otros Autores: Leakey, Roger R. B., author (author)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: London, England : Academic Press 2017.
Edición:1st edition
Materias:
Agroforestry > Africa.
Sustainable agriculture > Africa.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009630113706719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Front Cover
  • Multifunctional Agriculture
  • Copyright Page
  • Contents
  • Biography
  • Preface
  • I. The Basics
  • 1 Agroecology and the Role of Trees
  • 1 Definition of Agroforestry Revisited
  • 2 The Role of Trees in Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture in the Tropics
  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Understanding the Problem Before Seeking Solutions
  • Addressing Soil Fertility
  • Biodiversity and Agroecological Functions
  • Rebuilding Agroecological Functions
  • Maintaining Late Successional or Mature Agroecosystems
  • Shade Modification
  • Bird Exclusion
  • Food Chain and Life Cycle Studies
  • Filling the Niches Below the Canopy With Useful Plants
  • Landscape and Scaling Issues
  • The Big Picture: The Role of Agroecology and Agroforestry in Tropical Agriculture
  • 3 Trees: A Keystone Role in Agroecosystem Function: An Update
  • 2 Agroforestry Practices and Systems
  • 4 Agroforestry and the Mitigation of Land Degradation in the Humid and Sub-Humid Tropics of Africa
  • Summary
  • Land Degradation
  • The Role of Agroforestry
  • Soil Fertility Improvement
  • Hedgerow Intercropping
  • Improved Fallows
  • Biomass Transfer
  • Soil Conservation
  • Barrier Hedges
  • Trees and Shrubs on Conservation Structures
  • Multistrata Systems
  • Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs as Fodder Supplements
  • Feed Quality
  • Effects on Animal Performance
  • Fodder Production Systems
  • High-Value Trees for Income Generation
  • Naturally Regenerating Trees in Farmland
  • Planted Trees in Farmland
  • Home Gardens
  • Domestication
  • Conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • 5 The Domestication and Commercialization of Indigenous Trees in Agroforestry for the Alleviation of Poverty
  • SUMMARY
  • Introduction
  • Domestication Strategies
  • Research in Progress
  • Commercialization
  • Conclusion
  • 6 Trees: Delivering Enhanced Crop Production and Income: An Update.
  • 3 Importance of Tree Products
  • 7 Potential for Novel Food Products From Agroforestry Trees
  • SUMMARY
  • Introduction
  • Humid Lowlands of West Africa
  • Irvingia gabonensis (O'Rorke) Baill. and Related Species (Bush Mango or Dika Nut)
  • Dacryodes edulis (G. Don) H.J. Lam and Related Species (African Plum, African Pear, or Safoutier)
  • Ricinodendron heudelottii (Baill.) Heckel (Peanut Tree, Essessang, or Nyangsang)
  • Chrysophyllum albidum G. Don (White or African Star-apple)
  • Garcinia kola Heckel and Related Species (Bitter Cola)
  • Semi-Arid Lowlands of West Africa
  • Adansonia digitata Linn. (Baobab)
  • Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn. syn. Butyrospermum paradoxum (Sheanut or Karité)
  • Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don (Néré or Locust Bean)
  • Tamarindus indica Linn. (Tamarind)
  • Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. (Jujube or Ber)
  • Southern African Plateau-Miombo Woodlands
  • Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hochst. (Marula)
  • Uapaca kirkiana Muell. Arg. (Masuku or Mahobohobo)
  • Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. (Jujube or Ber)
  • Vangueria infausta Burch. (Wild Medlar)
  • Azanza garckeana (F. Hoffm.) Exell & Hillcoat (Snotapple)
  • Western Amazonia
  • Inga edulis Mart. (Inga or Guaba)
  • Bactris gasipaes H.B.K. (Peach Palm or Pejibaye)
  • Conclusions
  • 8 Evidence that Subsistence Farmers have Domesticated Indigenous Fruits (Dacryodes edulis and Irvingia gabonensis) in Camer...
  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Materials and Methods
  • Results
  • D. edulis (293 trees)
  • I. gabonensis (152 trees)
  • Discussion
  • Acknowledgments
  • 9 Non-Timber Forest Products - A Misnomer?
  • 10 Trees: An Important Source of Food and Non-Food Products for Farmers: An Update
  • II. Genetic Selection for Added-Value and New Opportunities
  • 4 Tree Domestication
  • 11 Domestication of Forest Trees: A Process to Secure the Productivity and Future Diversity of Tropical Ecosystems.
  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Exploitation of Natural Forest and the Needs of the Future
  • Domestication of Underutilized Timber Species
  • Experience with Triplochiton scleroxylon
  • Experience with other timber producing species
  • Domestication of Species for Fruit and Other Forest Products
  • Plantations in the Tropics
  • Acknowledgments
  • 12 Tree Domestication in Tropical Agroforestry
  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Origins and Concepts of Domestication
  • Objectives of Tree Domestication
  • Selection of Tree Species
  • Tree Domestication Strategies
  • Germplasm Sourcing, Documentation, and Deployment
  • Tree Improvement Research
  • Participatory Domestication
  • Case Studies
  • Prunus africana
  • Dacryodes edulis
  • Recommendations: Future Developments
  • 13 Agroforestry Tree Products (AFTPs): Targeting Poverty Reduction and Enhanced Livelihoods
  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Trees
  • The Origins of Tropical Tree Domestication
  • The Participatory Tree Domestication Approach-the Case of West and Central Africa
  • Identification, Capture, Retention, and Protection of Genetic Diversity
  • Cultivation and the Growth of Cultivars
  • Markets
  • Economic and Social Benefits from Trading AFTPs
  • The Linkages between the Domestication and Commercialization of AFTPs.
  • Winners and Losers: Impacts on Livelihoods
  • Features of this Agroforestry Approach to Rural Development
  • Policy Guidelines
  • Development Issues for the Future
  • 14 Tree Domestication in Agroforestry: Progress in the Second Decade (2003-2012)
  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • The First Decade (1992-2002)
  • The Second Decade (2003-12)
  • The Humid Lowlands of West and Central Africa
  • The Drylands of the Sahel
  • Woody Savannah of Southern Africa
  • East Africa
  • Latin America
  • Asia
  • Oceania
  • Recent Developments in Agroforestry Tree Improvement
  • Molecular Genetics.
  • The Use of New Technologies
  • Community Engagement in Germplasm Production
  • Recognition of the Rights of Small-Scale Producers
  • Negotiation of Access to Markets
  • Adoption and Impact: Toward Enhanced Farmer Livelihoods and Global Environmental Benefits
  • Public/Private Partnerships: Localization and the Case of Allanblackia spp.
  • Toward the Third Decade
  • 15 Trees: Capturing Useful Traits in Elite Cultivars: An Update
  • III. Research Methods
  • 5 Strategy and Techniques
  • 5.1 Strategy
  • 16 Towards a Domestication Strategy for Indigenous Fruit Trees in the Tropics
  • Introduction
  • Developing a Strategy for Creating New "Cultivars" Vegetatively
  • Methods of Propagation and the Cloning Process
  • Appropriate Technology
  • Choice Between Mature and Juvenile Tissues
  • The Use of Juvenile Tissues
  • The Use of Mature Tissues
  • Developing a Strategy for Clonal Selection
  • Opportunities for Introducing New Variation
  • The Wise Use of Genetic Variability
  • Establishing a Gene Bank (Ex situ Conservation)
  • The Wise Utilization of Genetic Resources in Cultivation (Circa situ Conservation)
  • Protecting Some Wild Populations (In situ Conservation)
  • Socioeconomic and Environmental Context for This Strategy
  • Conclusions
  • 5.2 Techniques: Vegetative Propagation
  • 17 Low-Technology Techniques for the Vegetative Propagation of Tropical Trees
  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Materials and Methods
  • General
  • Preparation of Cuttings
  • The Nonmist Propagator
  • Results
  • The Propagator Environment
  • Rooting Tests
  • Discussion
  • 18 Stockplant Factors Affecting Root Initiation in Cuttings of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum., an Indigenous Hardwood o...
  • Summary
  • Introduction
  • Materials and Methods
  • Experimental and Results
  • Effects of Node Position
  • Effects of Stockplant Orientation
  • Effects of Different Pruning Regimes.
  • Effects of Applying Nutrients
  • Effects of the Numbers and Positions of Shoots on Stockplants
  • Effects of Light Environment
  • Discussion
  • Acknowledgements
  • 19 The Rooting Ability of Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. Cuttings: The Interactions Between Stockplant Irradiance, Ligh...
  • SUMMARY
  • Introduction
  • Materials and Methods
  • Effects of Two Light Qualities With Uniform Irradiance
  • Effects of Irradiance and Nutrients at a R:FR Ratio of 6.3
  • Results
  • Effects of Three Levels of Irradiance With Constant Light Quality
  • Effects of Two Light Qualities With Uniform Irradiance
  • Effects of Irradiance and Nutrients: at an R:FR Ratio of 6.3
  • The Light Environment of a Stockplant Canopy
  • Discussion
  • Acknowledgments
  • 20 Plant Cloning: Macro-Propagation
  • SUMMARY
  • Introduction
  • The Use of Macropropagation
  • Techniques of Macropropagation
  • Grafting and Budding
  • Marcotting or Air Layering
  • Stem Cuttings
  • The Propagation Environment
  • Postseverance Treatments
  • Auxin Applications
  • Leaf Area
  • Cutting Length
  • Stockplant Factors: Cutting Origin and Environment
  • Within-Shoot Factors
  • Between Shoot Factors
  • Stockplant Environment
  • Stockplant Management
  • Phase Change
  • Genetic Variation in Rooting Ability
  • Conclusions
  • Courses
  • Relevant Websites
  • 5.3 Techniques: Genetic Characterization
  • 21 Quantitative Descriptors of Variation in the Fruits and Seeds of Irvingia gabonensis
  • SUMMARY
  • Introduction
  • Methods and Materials
  • Results
  • Sample Size
  • Fruit Weight and Size
  • Nut Weight and Size
  • Kernel Weight and Size
  • Shell Weight
  • Fruit Flesh Depth
  • Relationships Between Fruit, Nut, and Kernel Traits
  • Fruit Taste, Color, and Fibrosity
  • Multitrait Assessment
  • Discussion
  • Acknowledgments.
  • 22 Domestication Potential of Marula (Sclerocarya birrea subsp caffra) in South Africa and Namibia: 1. Phenotypic Variation...

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