Pharmaceutical analysis
Pharmaceutical Analysis is a compulsory subject offered to all the under graduate students of Pharmacy. This book on Pharmaceutical Analysis has been designed considering the syllabi requirements laid down by AICTE and other premier institutes/universities. The book covers both the Titrimetric and I...
| Otros Autores: | |
|---|---|
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
[Place of publication not identified]
Pearson
2012
|
| Edición: | 1st edition |
| Colección: | Always learning.
|
| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009627946606719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Cover
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- Unit I: Introduction to Analysis
- Chapter 1: Introduction to Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Introduction
- Types of Analytical Methods
- Factors Affecting the Analytical Methods Selection
- Introduction to Titrimetry
- Types of Titrations
- Conditions Required for the Titrimetric Analysis
- Standard Solution
- Introduction to Electroanalytical Methods
- Laws Governing the Electroanalytical Methods
- Electrodes Used in the Electroanalytical Methods
- Introduction to Spectroscopy
- Electromagnetic Radiation
- The Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Instrumentation
- Introduction to Chromatography
- Classification of Chromatography
- Mobile Phases Used in the Chromatography
- Statistical Analysis
- Introduction
- Minimization of Errors
- Significant Figures and Computation
- Accuracy
- Precision
- Standard Deviation
- Comparison of the Results
- Correlation Co-efficient
- Sensitivity
- Detection Limit
- Quantitation Limit
- Selectivity
- Analysis of Variance
- Factorial Designs
- Regression
- Method of Least Squares
- Review Questions
- Unit II: Physical Analytical Methods
- Chapter 1: Solubility Determinations
- Introduction
- Classification of Solutions
- Mechanism of Action of the Solvent on the Solute
- Factors Affecting Solubility
- Mechanism of Solubility
- Theory
- Solubility Rules
- Solubility Equilibrium
- Solubility Test Methods
- Solubility Enhancement Techniques
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Chapter 2: Molecular Weight Determinations
- Introduction
- Ebullioscopy
- Cryoscopic Method
- Vapour Pressure Lowering
- Osmometry
- Mass Spectrometry
- Review Questions
- Chapter 3: Viscosity Determination
- Introduction
- Factors Affecting Viscosity
- Types of Viscometers
- Capillary Viscometer
- Falling Sphere Viscometer.
- Cup-Bob Viscometer
- Cone and Plate Viscometer
- Units for the Viscosity
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Chapter 4: Surface Tension Determination
- Introduction
- Factors Affecting Surface Tension
- Methods for Determining Surface Tension
- Du Nouy Ring Method
- Drop Shape Method
- Wilhelmy Plate Method
- Stalagmometric Method
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Chapter 5: Particle Size Analysis
- Introduction
- Types of Diameters
- Methods for Particle Size Analysis
- Microscopy
- Sieving Method
- Sedimentation Method
- Zone Sensing Method
- Light Scattering Method
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Chapter 6: X-ray Diffractometry
- Introduction
- Principle
- Theory
- Instrumentation
- Source
- Collimator
- Monochromator
- Detectors
- Types of X-ray Diffraction Methods
- Laue Photographic Method
- Bragg's X-ray Spectrometer Method
- Rotating Crystal Method
- Powder Method
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Chapter 7: Polarimetry
- Introduction
- Theory
- Concept of the Circular Dichroism (CD) and Optical Rotatory Dispersion (ORD)
- Instrumentation
- Applications
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Review Questions
- Chapter 8: Refractometry
- Introduction
- Principle and Theory
- Instrumentation
- Factors Affecting the Refractive Index
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Unit III: Titrimetric Methods
- Chapter 1: Acid-base Titrations (Neutralization Titrations)
- Introduction
- Acid-base Concept
- Role of the Solvent
- Strengths of Acids and Bases
- Law of Mass Action
- Solubility Product
- Common Ion Effect
- Hydrolysis of Salt
- Buffer Solutions
- Handerson-Hesselbach Equation
- Types of Acid-base Titrations and Titration Curves
- Indicators
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Chapter 2: Non-aqueous Titrations
- Introduction
- Principle.
- Theory
- Types of Non-aqueous Solvents
- Determination of the End Point
- Preperation and Standardisation of Standard Solutions
- Factors Affecting the Non-aqueous Titrations
- Different Theories of Non-aqueous Titrations
- Titration of Weak Bases
- Titration of the Weak Acids
- Titration of Halogen Acid Salts of Bases
- Titration of Amines and Amine Salts of Organic Acids
- Interference of the Water in Non-aqueous Titrimetry
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Chapter 3: Redox Titration
- Introduction
- Principle
- Theory
- Oxidising and Reducing Agents
- Factors Affecting Redox Titrations
- Redox Indicators
- Types of Redox Titrations
- Titration Curve
- Procedure Followed for Redox Titration
- Reaction with Potassium Permanganate Solution (Oxidizing Agent)
- Reaction with the Titanous Chloride Solution (Reducing Agent)
- Reaction with the Ceric Sulphate (Oxidizing Agent)
- Titrations Involving 2,6-dichlorophenol Indophenols
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Chapter 4: Diazotization Titrations
- Introduction
- Principle
- Theory
- Procedure
- End Point Detection
- Preparation and Standardization of the Sodium Nitrite Solution
- Factors Affecting the Diazotization
- Conditions for the Diazotization Titration
- Types of Diazotization Titrations
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Chapter 5: Complexometry
- Introduction
- Principle
- Theory
- Ligands
- Chelating Agents
- Determination of the End Point
- End Point Detection Methods
- Types of Complexometric Titrations
- Concept of Werner Co-ordination Number
- Concept of Masking and Demasking Agents
- Factors Affecting the Titration Values
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Chapter 6: Gravimetry
- Introduction
- Principle
- Theory
- Mechanism of the Precipitation.
- Approaches for the Homogenous Precipitation
- Washing of the Precipitate
- Drying of the Precipitate
- Types of Gravimetry
- Impurities Present in the Precipitates
- Criteria for the Gravimetric Analysis
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Chapter 7: Precipitation Titrations
- Introduction
- Theory
- Solubility Product
- Requirements for the Precipitation Indicators
- Conditions Required for the Precipitation Titrations
- Types of the Precipitation Titrations
- Factors Affecting the Precipitation Titrations
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Chapter 8: Miscellaneous Titrations
- Argentometry
- Introduction and Principle
- Theory
- End Point Detection
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Applications
- Iodometry and Iodimetry
- Introduction
- Principle and Theory
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Unit IV: Electroanalytical Methods
- Chapter 1: Electrogravimetry
- Introduction
- Principle
- Theory
- Types of Electrogravimetry Methods
- Factors Affecting the Deposition
- Applications of Constant Electrolysis
- Electrode Used in the Electrogravimetry
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Chapter 2: Conductometry
- Introduction
- Principle
- Theory
- Methods for the Conductance Measurements
- Apparatus
- Method
- Factors Affecting the Conductivity Measurements
- Types of the Conductometric Titrations
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Chapter 3: Coulometry
- Introduction
- Principle
- Theory
- Instrumentation
- Coulometric Titrations
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Chapter 4: Potentiometry
- Introduction
- Principle
- Theory
- Electrodes
- Potentiometric Titrations
- Instruments
- Types of Potentiometric Titrations
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Applications
- Review Questions.
- Chapter 5: Voltammetry
- Introduction
- Polarography
- Introduction
- Principle
- Theory
- Apparatus and the Methods
- Electrodes
- Half-wave Potential
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Applications
- Amperometry
- Introduction
- Principle and Theory
- Amperometric Titrations
- Instrument for the Amperometric Titration
- Factors Affecting the Amperometric Titrations
- Types of Amperometric Titrations
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Applications
- Review Questions
- Unit V: Spectroanalytical Methods
- Chapter 1: Spectrophotometry-UV/Visible Spectroscopy
- Introduction
- The Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Theory
- Absorption of Different Electromagnetic Radiations by Organic Molecules
- Electronic Transitions
- Absorbing Species Containing π, σ, and n Electrons
- Charge-transfer Absorption
- Vibration and Rotation
- Beer-Lamber's Law
- Application of Beer's Law
- Deviation from Beer-Lambert's Law
- Instrumentation
- Radiation Source
- Monochromator
- Optical Geometry
- Sample Cells
- Detectors
- Recorders
- Spectrophotometers
- The Origins of Absorption Spectra
- Solvent Effects
- Selection of Solvents
- Some Important Terms and Definitions
- Woodward-Fieser's Rules
- Aromatic Compounds
- Methods Available for Assays of Samples
- Good Operating Practice
- Preferred Absorption Range
- Absorbance Measurement
- Solvent Selection
- Sources of Error
- Non-instrumental Sources of Error
- Applications
- Experiments
- Chemicals Required
- Review Questions
- Chapter 2: Infrared Spectrophotometry
- Introduction
- Theory
- Types of Vibrations
- Instrumentation
- Factors Affecting the Vibrational Shift
- Interpretation of the IR Spectra
- Limitations of IR Spectroscopy
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Applications of IR Spectroscopy
- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
- Introduction.
- Principle.
