Video displays, work, and vision

Video displays, work, and vision

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor Corporativo: National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Impact of Video Viewing on Vision of Workers (-)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press 1983.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
Video display terminals > Health aspects.
Vision disorders > Etiology.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009622333806719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Video Displays, Work, and Vision
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Executive Summary
  • 1 Summary of Findings
  • INTRODUCTION
  • Background
  • Focus of the Study
  • Organization of the Report
  • The Literature Base
  • The Nature of VDT Work
  • FIELD STUDIES OF VDT WORKERS AND WORKSTATIONS
  • Studies of Radiation Emission from VDTs
  • Cataracts
  • Field Surveys Based on Self-Reports of VDT Operators
  • EQUIPMENT AND WORKSTATION DESIGN
  • VDT Design and Display Quality
  • Lighting and Reflections
  • Human Factors
  • THE CONCEPT AND STUDY OF ''VISUAL FATIGUE
  • JOB DESIGN AND PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESS
  • DESIGN, PRACTICE, AND STANDARDS
  • Principles of Good Design and Practice
  • Public Education
  • Standards and Guidelines for VDT Use
  • RESEARCH NEEDS
  • 2 Critique of Survey Methodology
  • INTRODUCTION
  • SURVEYS OF VDT USERS
  • Adequacy of Theory
  • Adequacy of Research Design
  • Adequacy of Measurement
  • Adequacy of Sampling
  • Unanswered Questions
  • RESEARCH DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
  • Control and Choice in Studies of VDT Physical Parameters
  • Practical Considerations
  • 3 Radiation Emissions and Their Effects
  • TYPES AND LEVELS OF RADIATION EMITTED BY VDTS
  • Studies of Emission Levels
  • The 1977 NIOSH Study
  • The Bell Telephone Laboratories Study
  • A Collaborative Study
  • Two European Studies
  • The 1981 NIOSH Study
  • The Bureau of Radiological Health Study
  • Radiation Safety Standards
  • VDT Emissions and Ambient Radiation
  • BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION
  • Ionizing Radiation
  • Nonionizing Radiation
  • Ultraviolet Radiation
  • Visible and Infrared Radiation
  • Radio Frequency Radiation
  • Skin Rashes
  • VDT USE AND CATARACTS
  • Prevalence and Causes of Cataracts
  • The Evidence Regarding VDT Use and Cataracts
  • The Claims
  • Response to the Claims
  • Methods of Studying Whether There Is a Relationship Between VDT Use and Cataracts.
  • Concurrent Longitudinal Study
  • Nonconcurrent Longitudinal ("Cohort") Study
  • Case-Control Study
  • Two Ongoing Studies
  • The NIOSH Baltimore Sun Study
  • The Mt. Sinai Study
  • Conclusions About Radiation Hazards
  • 4 Display Characteristics
  • EFFECTS OF CRT DISPLAY VARIABLES
  • Luminance
  • Effects on Visual Acuity
  • Effects on Flicker Threshold
  • Effects on Visual Task Performance
  • Luminance Uniformity
  • Contrast and Contrast Polarity
  • Raster Structure
  • Resolution
  • Jitter and Temporal Instability
  • Refresh Rate and Persistence
  • Color
  • Reflection Characteristics
  • A Summary Measure: Modulation Transfer Function
  • DISPLAY MEASUREMENT: TECHNIQUES AND PROBLEMS
  • Measurement Techniques
  • Measurement of Various Parameters
  • Character Luminance
  • Character Contrast
  • Blur, Resolution, and MTF
  • Reflection Characteristics
  • Standardization
  • FLAT-PANEL DISPLAYS
  • Dot-Matrix Display Variables
  • Character Size Effects
  • Character Formation
  • Contrast
  • Font
  • Luminance Uniformity
  • Information Density
  • Dot-Matrix Display Quality Measures
  • Advantages and Disadvantages of Flat-Panel Displays Compared with CRTs
  • FILTERS FOR VDTS
  • Kinds of Filters
  • Circular Polarizer with Antireflection Coating
  • Neutral Density Filters
  • Notch or Color Filters
  • Directional Filters
  • Evaluation of Filters
  • General Comments
  • Effectiveness of Filters
  • 5 Lighting and Reflections
  • ILLUMINATION
  • Transient Adaptation
  • Reflections
  • Glare
  • REVIEW OF VDT STUDIES
  • Field Surveys of VDT Workers
  • Field Surveys Comparing VDT and Non-VDT Work
  • Laboratory Studies
  • 6 Anthropometry and Biomechanics in VDT Applications
  • POSTURAL STRAIN
  • OVERVIEW OF BIOMECHANICAL FACTORS
  • Work Posture
  • Muscular Load
  • Joint Angles
  • Anthropometry
  • WORKSTATION DESIGN
  • Effects of Chair Design Features on the Spine.
  • Effects of Working Height on Postural Strain
  • Effects of Display Position on Postural Strain
  • 7 Visual Tasks, Functions, and Symptoms
  • VISUAL ISSUES IN VDT STUDIES
  • Field Surveys
  • Visual Complaints
  • Measurements of Visual Status
  • Experimental Field and Laboratory Studies of Visual Functions in VDT Work
  • The Need for Job and Task Analysis
  • Are There Unique Features of VDT Tasks?
  • The Special Task of Reading
  • The Problematic Concepts of "Visual Fatigue" and "Eyestrain
  • Refractive Errors and Visual Difficulties
  • Myopia
  • OCULOMOTOR FACTORS AFFECTING VISUAL PERFORMANCE
  • Eye Movements
  • Saccadic Trajectory
  • Dual Mode Tracking Eye Movements
  • Higher-Level Eye Movement Patterns
  • Reading
  • Picture Scanning
  • Gaze and the Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex
  • Blinking
  • Triadic Near Reflex: Combined Focusing, Convergence, and Aperture Mechanisms
  • Accommodation
  • Dynamic Factors in Accommodation
  • Fatigue and Accommodation
  • Vergence
  • Pupil
  • Pupil as a Regulator of Light Level
  • Pupillary Constriction Associated with Prolonged Visual Work
  • Pupil as a Factor in Visuomotor Discomfort
  • Pupillary Hippus in Relation to Habituation and Sleepiness
  • Synkinesis of Accommodation, Vergence, and Pupillary Constriction
  • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  • 8 Job Design and Organizational Variables
  • INTRODUCTION
  • Workers' Complaints and Job Structures
  • Defining Psychosocial Stress and Strain
  • A FRAMEWORK FOR STUDYING PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS IN VDT WORK
  • Person-Environment Fit
  • Objective and Subjective Fit
  • STRESSORS FOR STUDY IN VDT WORK
  • Control
  • Opportunity to Control: E
  • Need for Control: P
  • Participation
  • Opportunity to Participate: E
  • Need to Participate: P
  • Predictability and Controllability
  • Unpredictable Events: E
  • Tolerance of Unpredictability: P
  • Complexity
  • Role Ambiguity.
  • Threat of Unemployment
  • Quantitative Workload
  • Prescription for Overload-Deadline Plus Delay
  • Responsibility for Persons
  • Responsibility: E
  • Responsibility: P
  • Role Conflict
  • Social Support
  • DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
  • 9 Design, Practice, and Standards for VDT Equipment and Work
  • PRINCIPLES OF GOOD DESIGN AND PRACTICE
  • Image Quality and Display Design
  • Lighting and Reflections
  • Minimizing Problems Caused by Direct Glare and Transient Adaptation
  • Minimizing Reflected Glare and Veiling Reflections
  • Systematic Design of VDT Workstations
  • General Considerations
  • Specific Design and Use Guidelines
  • Job Design and Organizational Variables
  • Variation in the Task and Task Environment
  • Other Strategies for Good Employee Management
  • STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR VDT DESIGN
  • 10 Research Needs
  • EFFECTS OF DISPLAYS ON VISUAL ACTIVITY
  • Objective Correlates of Visual Complaints
  • Relating Display Characteristics to Workplace Conditions
  • Effects of Image Instability
  • Distinguishing Specific Effects of VDTs
  • PSYCHOSOCIAL STRESSORS
  • Appendix A A Review of Methodology in Studies of Visual Functions During VDT Tasks
  • Appendix B Review of a Preliminary Report on a Cross-Sectional Survey of VDT Users at the Baltimore Sun
  • SUMMARY OF THE NIOSH STUDY
  • REVIEW OF THE NIOSH STUDY
  • Study Approach and Methods
  • Introduction and Background
  • Design
  • Measures
  • Analyses
  • Conclusions
  • Substantive Conclusions
  • Methodological Conclusions and Limitations
  • Appendix C Dissent
  • Appendix D Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff
  • REFERENCES.

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