Regulating pesticides in food : the Delaney paradox

Regulating pesticides in food the Delaney paradox

Concern about health effects from exposure to pesticides in foods is growing as scientists learn more about the toxic properties of pesticides. The Delaney Clause, a provision of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, prohibits tolerances for any pesticide that causes cancer in test animals or in humans i...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: National Research Council (U.S.).
Autor Corporativo: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Scientific and Regulatory Issues Underlying Pesticide Use Patterns and Agricultural Innovation (-)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press 1987.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
Pesticides > Government policy > United States.
Pesticides > Toxicology.
Pesticide residues in food.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009622319006719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Regulating Pesticides in Food
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • REGULATING PESTICIDES IN FOOD
  • Executive Summary
  • THE COMMITTEE'S ESTIMATES OF ONCOGENIC RISK
  • ESTIMATED ONCOGENIC RISK AND ITS DISTRIBUTION IN THE FOOD SUPPLY
  • Findings
  • IMPACTS OF FOUR ALTERNATIVE WAYS TO REGULATE ONCOGENIC RESIDUES
  • Results of the Scenarios
  • Findings
  • AN ANALYSIS OF THE FUNGICIDES: A SPECIAL CASE
  • PESTICIDE INNOVATION AND ALTERNATIVE PEST-CONTROL METHODS
  • Alternative Technologies
  • The Effect of the Delaney Clause on R&amp
  • D
  • The Minor Use Issue
  • The Delaney Clause and Pest Resistance
  • MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Legal Basis for Regulation
  • A Nonzero Standard for Oncogenic Risk
  • Targeting High-Risk Pesticide and Crop Uses
  • The Adoption of an Analytical Framework
  • 1 Introduction
  • FIFRA AND THE FDC ACT
  • THE DELANEY CLAUSE AND THE PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT
  • THE COMMITTEE'S TASKS
  • NOTES
  • 2 The Current System: Theory and Practice
  • REGISTRATION OF PESTICIDES UNDER FIFRA
  • TOLERANCE SETTING UNDER THE FDC ACT
  • Section 408-The Statutory Standard
  • Section 409
  • The Tolerance-Setting Process Under Sections 408 and 409
  • Overview of the Process
  • Specific Data Requirements
  • Oncogenicity and Carcinogenicity
  • Tolerance Setting for Non-Oncogenic Pesticides Under Section 408
  • Tolerance Setting for Oncogenic Compounds Under Section 408
  • Tolerance Setting Under Section 409
  • THE DATA CALL-IN PROGRAM
  • THE DELANEY CLAUSE-A CLOSER EXAMINATION
  • SUMMARY OF PROBLEMS AND ISSUES POSED BY THE DELANEY CLAUSE
  • Inconsistency
  • The Issue of Concentration in Processed Foods
  • Paradoxical Regulatory Results
  • NOTES
  • 3 Estimates of Dietary Oncogenic Risks
  • INTRODUCTION
  • Pesticide Use Patterns in the United States
  • Pesticide Use Data
  • Problems in Estimating Current Risk.
  • DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA BASE AND THE ANALYTICAL METHOD
  • The Universe of Oncogenic Pesticides
  • Estimating Dietary Exposure to Pesticide Residues
  • Food Consumption Data
  • Method for Estimating Residues in Food
  • Method for Estimating Exposure to Residues
  • Method for Estimating Residues in Processed Foods
  • ESTIMATION OF ONCOGENIC RISK
  • An Analysis of Estimated Oncogenic Risk
  • Distribution of Risk By Tolerance Type: Section 408 Versus Section 409
  • Oncogenic Risk Derived from Residues in Animal Feeds
  • Distribution of Estimated Risk by Type of Pesticide
  • Distribution of Estimated Risk by Active Ingredient
  • Distribution of Estimated Risk by Crop
  • EPA'S INTERPRETATION OF THE DELANEY CLAUSE TO DATE
  • EPA Application of the Delaney Clause to New Active Ingredients
  • CASE STUDIES OF POTENTIAL POLICY PRECEDENTS
  • Tolerances for New Active Ingredients
  • Prior-Sanctioned Pesticides
  • Tolerance Actions and New Active Ingredients
  • Fosetyl Al
  • Permethrin
  • Thiodicarb
  • Dicamba
  • Tolerance Actions and Old Active Ingredients
  • Dicofol and Chlorobenzilate
  • Benomyl
  • PROJECTING PAST ACTIONS INTO TILE FUTURE
  • THE SHORT-TERM POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THE DELANEY CLAUSE
  • NOTES
  • 4 The Scenarios and the Results
  • INTRODUCTION
  • Selection of Pesticide-Crop Combinations
  • ANALYTICAL METHODS
  • Dietary Risk
  • Pesticide Use
  • DESCRIPTION OF THE SCENARIOS AND RESULTS
  • Scenario 1
  • Results
  • Crop-Level Analysis
  • Scenario 2
  • Results
  • Effects on Individual Active Ingredients
  • Crop-Level Impacts
  • Scenario 3
  • Results
  • Impacts on Individual Active Ingredients
  • Crop-Level Impacts
  • Scenario 4
  • Results
  • Crop-Level Impacts
  • Summary
  • NOTE
  • 5 Comparing the Impact of the Scenarios
  • THE IMPACTS OF THE SCENARIOS ON HERBICIDES, INSECTICIDES, AND FUNGICIDES.
  • THE IMPACTS OF THE SCENARIOS ON INDIVIDUAL ACTIVE INGREDIENT RISK
  • A CROP-LEVEL ANALYSIS: THE IMPACTS OF THE SCENARIOS ON BENEFITS AND RISKS
  • Corn and Soybean Herbicides
  • Cotton Insecticides
  • Apple Fungicides
  • Potato Fungicides
  • Tomato Fungicides
  • Peanut Fungicides
  • ALTERNATIVES TO THE SCENARIOS
  • Fungicides: a Special Case
  • Cropwide Tolerance Reduction
  • Benomyl
  • EBDCs
  • NOTES
  • 6 Pesticide Innovation and the Economic Effects of Implementing the Delaney Clause
  • THE INNOVATION PROCESS AND THE PESTICIDE INDUSTRY
  • REVIEW OF INDUSTRY R&amp
  • D AND STUDIES TO DATE
  • Survey of R&amp
  • D Directors
  • Historical Perspective of R&amp
  • D
  • Insecticides
  • Herbicides
  • Fungicides
  • FUTURE PROSPECTS IN CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL
  • Citrus and Cotton Insecticides
  • Corn and Soybean Herbicides
  • Apple, Peanut, Potato, and Tomato Fungicides
  • CHEMICAL PESTICIDE PROSPECTS RELATIVE TO DIETARY RISKS
  • INNOVATION PROSPECTS IN PEST CONTROL
  • Plant Breeding
  • Genetic Engineering
  • Biological Control
  • Cultural Pest Control
  • SPECIAL CHALLENGES TO INNOVATION
  • The Minor-Use Issue
  • Liability
  • Interregional Project 4
  • The Pesticide Resistance Problem
  • NOTES
  • Appendixes
  • A Legislative History of the Pesticide Residues Amendment of 1954 and the Delaney Clause of the Food Additives Amendment of…
  • Statement of Problems
  • Question Presented
  • Conclusion
  • Discussion of Authority
  • The Delaney Committee Report
  • The Pesticide Residues Amendments
  • The Food Additives Amendment
  • 1956 Hearings
  • 1958 Hearings
  • Addition of the Delaney Clause
  • NOTES
  • B Analytical Methodology for Estimating Oncogenic Risks of Human Exposure to Agricultural Chemicals In Food Crops
  • Datamanagement System
  • Data Base Construction
  • Tape-to-Mainframe Transfer and Data Transformations
  • Mainframe-to-Microcomputer Transfer.
  • Raw-to-dBASE III Format
  • dBASE III-to-Lotus 1-2-3 Transfer
  • Data Description and Sources
  • Chemical Identification Data
  • Chemical Tolerance Data
  • Food Consumption Data
  • Pesticide Residue Data
  • Toxicological Data
  • Regulatory Status Data
  • Food Processing Data
  • Chemical Use And Cost Data
  • Pesticide-Commodity Codes
  • Analytical Methods
  • Risk Calculation
  • Chemical Residues
  • Consumption Estimates
  • Estimate of Chemical Intake
  • Potency Factor or Q
  • Risk Estimates
  • Percentage of Acres Treated
  • Scenario Analyses
  • Uncertainty in Oncogenic Risk Estimates
  • Residue Estimates
  • Food Consumption Estimates
  • Acreage Treated
  • Toxicological Certainty
  • Conclusion-Worst-Case Scenario
  • Notes
  • C Case Studies of the EPA's Application of the Delaney Clause in the Tolerance-Setting Process
  • Fosetyl AL
  • Description of the Chemical
  • Regulatory Status
  • Special Review Criteria Triggered
  • Summary of Oncogenic Findings and Risk Estimation
  • Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues
  • Benomyl
  • Description of the Chemical
  • Regulatory Status
  • Special Review Criteria Triggered
  • Summary of Oncogenic Findings and Risk Estimation
  • Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues
  • Pest Resistance
  • Alternatives
  • Captan
  • Description of the Chemical
  • Regulatory Status
  • Special Review Criteria Triggered
  • Summary, of Oncogenic Findings
  • Estimate of Dietary Oncogenic Risk
  • Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues
  • Other Chronic Health Risks
  • Chlorobenzilate
  • Description of the Chemical
  • Regulatory Status
  • Special Review Criteria Triggered
  • Summary of Oncogenic Findings and Risk Estimation
  • Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues
  • Benefits and Alternatives
  • Dicamba
  • Description of the Chemical
  • Regulatory Status
  • Special Review Criteria Triggered
  • Oncogenic Contaminants and the Delaney Clause
  • Discussion.
  • General Safety Clause
  • The Constituents Policy
  • Benefits of Dicamba
  • Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs)
  • Description of the Chemical
  • Regulatory Status
  • Special Review Criteria Triggered
  • EBDCs
  • ETU
  • Summary of Oncogenic Findings
  • Dietary Exposure
  • Risk Assessment
  • Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues
  • History
  • Conversion to ETU
  • Alternatives
  • Metalaxyl
  • Description of the Chemical
  • Regulatory Status
  • Special Review Criteria Triggered
  • Summary of Oncogenic Findings
  • Estimation of Risk
  • Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues
  • Potential Uses and Alternatives
  • Permethrin
  • Description of the Chemical
  • Regulatory Status
  • Special Review Criteria Triggered
  • Summary of Oncogenic Findings and Risk Estimation
  • Delaney Clause Issues
  • Tomatoes
  • Corn
  • Soybeans
  • Discussion
  • Thiodicarb
  • Description of the Chemical
  • Regulatory Status
  • Special Review Criteria Triggered
  • Summary of Oncogenic Findings and Risk Estimation
  • Thiodicarb and Methomyl
  • Tolerance and Delaney Clause Issues
  • Sensitivity-of-the-Method Procedure
  • Notes
  • D Pesticide Innovation
  • Trends in Innovation
  • Notes
  • Weed Control
  • Herbicides
  • New Chemistry
  • Biological Control
  • Allelopathy
  • Genetic Engineering
  • Conclusions
  • Notes
  • Insect Control
  • Introduction
  • New Chemistry
  • Octopamine Agonists
  • Avermectins and Milbemycines
  • Amidinohydrazones
  • Benzoylphenylureas
  • Pyrethroids
  • Proinsecticides
  • Natural Products
  • Genetically Engineered Microorganisms
  • Bacterial Insecticides
  • Vital Insecticides
  • Fungal Insecticides
  • Future Developments in Microbiological Agents
  • Summary
  • Notes
  • E Survey of Pesticide R&amp
  • D Directors: How Do Current Laws Affect Agricultural Pesticide Research Productivity?
  • Index.

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