Science and the Endangered Species Act

Science and the Endangered Species Act

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor Corporativo: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Scientific Issues in the Endangered Species Act (-)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, DC : National Academy Press 1995.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
Endangered species > United States.
Endangered species > Law and legislation > United States.
Habitat conservation > United States.
Habitat conservation > Law and legislation > United States.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009622114106719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Science and the Endangered Species Act
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Executive Summary
  • INTRODUCTION
  • THE PRESENT STUDY
  • EXTINCTIONS
  • THE SPECIES CONCEPT
  • HABITAT
  • RECOVERY
  • CONSERVATION CONFLICTS BETWEEN SPECIES
  • ESTIMATING RISK
  • MAKING ESA DECISIONS IN THE FACE OF UNCERTAINTY
  • TIMING
  • BEYOND THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
  • SCIENCE, POLICY, AND THE ESA
  • 1 Introduction
  • HISTORY
  • THE PRESENT STUDY
  • REFERENCES
  • 2 Species Extinctions
  • EXTINCTIONS OVER GEOLOGICAL TIME
  • PREHISTORIC HUMAN IMPACT ON CONTINENTAL ECOSYSTEMS
  • PREHISTORIC HUMAN IMPACT ON ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS
  • RELATING THE PAST TO THE PRESENT
  • Ecosystem Degradation and Restoration
  • Rates of Extinction
  • Habitat Loss
  • Introduced Species
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 3 Species Definitions and the Endangered Species Act
  • HISTORICAL USE OF THE TERM SPECIES IN IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
  • Introduction
  • Zoological Interpretations of Species
  • Botanical Interpretations of Species
  • HISTORY OF SPECIES CONCEPTS BEFORE AND AFTER THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
  • Species Concepts
  • Taxonomic Units Below the Rank of Species
  • A CONCEPT OF SPECIES FOR THE PURPOSES OF THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
  • Introduction
  • Evolutionary Units and Their Identification
  • Species and Subspecies
  • Distinct Population Segments
  • Distinctiveness
  • Genetic Isolation
  • Geographic and Temporal Isolation
  • Behavioral and Reproductive Isolation
  • Examples of Circumscription of Evolutionary Units
  • The Fate of Hybrids under the Evolutionary Unit Concept
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 4 The Role of Habitat Conservation and Recovery Planning
  • THE IMPORTANCE OF HABITAT
  • THE ROLE OF HABITAT CONSERVATION UNDER THE ESA
  • CRITICAL HABITAT AND FEDERAL ACTIVITIES
  • Survival Habitat.
  • PRIVATE ACTIVITIES AND HABITAT CONSERVATION PLANNING
  • Habitat-Conservation Plans
  • RECOVERY PLANNING
  • NATURAL COMMUNITY CONSERVATION PROGRAM AND COASTAL SAGE SCRUB COMMUNITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
  • HABITAT-RELATED STANDARDS
  • Public and Private Lands and Actions
  • Survival and Recovery
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 5 Modern Perspectives of Habitat
  • LANDSCAPES AND POPULATIONS
  • SOURCES AND SINKS
  • METAPOPULATIONS
  • SPATIALLY EXPLICIT MODELS
  • A SPATIAL PERSPECTIVE AND POPULATION VIABILITY ANALYSIS
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 6 Conservation Conflicts Between Species
  • INTERACTIONS OF SPECIES IN NATURE
  • NORTHERN GOSHAWK AND MEXICAN SPOTTED OWL
  • WINTER-RUN CHINOOK SALMON AND DELTA SMELT
  • BACHMAN'S SPARROW AND RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER
  • MARINE MAMMALS AND SALMONIDS
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 7 Estimating Risk
  • ESTIMATING THE RISK OF EXTINCTION
  • SOURCES OF RISK
  • Random Demographic Changes
  • Random Environmental Changes
  • Catastrophes
  • Accumulation of Deleterious Genetic Factors
  • Loss of Adaptive Variation Within Populations
  • Habitat Fragmentation
  • Supplementation
  • FOCUSING CONSERVATION EFFORTS
  • DISTRIBUTION OF EXTINCTION TIMES
  • LIMITATIONS OF OUR ABILITY TO ESTIMATE RISK
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 8 Making ESA Decisions in the Face of Uncertainty
  • DECISIONS REQUIRED UNDER THE ESA
  • THE NEED FOR NEW APPROACHES TO DECISION MAKING
  • PROVIDING OBJECTIVE RISK STANDARDS
  • Developing Quantitative Risk Standards
  • Time Frame for Estimating Risk of Extinction
  • Listing Systems Based on Objective Criteria and Rules
  • Limitations on Estimates of Risk
  • Limits of Models
  • Poor Understanding of Cumulative Effects and Thresholds
  • Should Different Risk Standards Apply to Different ESA Decisions?
  • Endangered, Threatened, Recovered.
  • Different Taxa
  • Public Versus Private Land
  • USING STRUCTURED APPROACHES TO DECISION MAKING
  • Using Subjective Probability and Expert Opinion
  • Linking Science and Values
  • Scientific Uncertainty in ESA Decisions
  • Estimating Uncertain Quantities
  • Reducing Uncertainty by Gathering Information
  • Types of Errors
  • Burden of Proof
  • Statistical Errors
  • Cumulative Effects/Thresholds
  • Listing Decisions
  • Reducing Asymmetry of Risk for Listed Species
  • Making Tradeoffs Among Competing Objectives
  • Resolving Conflicts Among Interest Groups
  • Implementing Structured Approaches in the Agencies
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 9 Areas of Scientific Uncertainty
  • ECOSYSTEM-BASED PROTECTION
  • Ecosystem Management
  • INADEQUATE KNOWLEDGE OF SPECIES AND THEIR ROLES IN ECOSYSTEMS
  • ESTIMATION OF THE RISK OF EXTINCTION
  • Current Limitations of Existing Theory
  • Intrinsic Limits of Extinction Models
  • LACK OF BASIC INFORMATION
  • Dynamics of Natural Populations
  • Systematics
  • Do Minimum Viable Population Sizes Exist?
  • THE PROTECTION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY
  • Uncertainty Regarding Future Adaptive Challenges to Species
  • FEASIBLE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
  • The Spatial Structure of Reserves
  • Corridors and Edge Effects
  • Reconstruction of Habitat
  • Consequences of Captive Breeding and Supplementation
  • Global Environmental Change
  • VALUING RARITY
  • REFERENCES
  • 10 Beyond the Endangered Species Act
  • IS THE ESA WORKING?
  • REDUCING EXTINCTION
  • RECOVERY SUCCESS
  • PROTECTION OF ECOSYSTEMS
  • THE FUTURE: BEYOND THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT
  • SCIENCE, POLICY, AND THE ESA
  • REFERENCES
  • Appendixes
  • Appendix A
  • Appendix B
  • Endangered Species Act of 1973
  • Table of Contents
  • Endangered Species Act of 1973
  • Findings, Purposes, and Policy
  • Definitions.
  • Determination of Endangered Species and Threatened Species
  • Land Acquisition
  • Cooperation with the States
  • Interagency Cooperation
  • International Cooperation
  • Convention Implementation
  • Prohibited Acts
  • Exceptions
  • Penalties and Enforcement
  • Endangered Plants
  • Conforming Amendments
  • Repealer
  • Authorization of Appropriations
  • Effective Date
  • Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972
  • Annual Cost Analysis by the Fish and Wildlife Service
  • Appendix C Biographical Information on Committee Members
  • Chair
  • Members
  • Staff
  • Index.

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