Asbestiform fibers : nonoccupational health risks

Asbestiform fibers nonoccupational health risks

More than 30 million tons of asbestos used in the United States since 1900 is present as insulation in offices and schools, as vinyl-asbestos flooring in homes, and in other common products. This volume presents an evaluation of the relation of these fibers to specific diseases and the extent of non...

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Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: National Research Council (U.S.).
Autor Corporativo: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Nonoccupational Health Risks of Asbestiform Fibers (-)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press 1984.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
Asbestos fibers > Toxicology.
Asbestos fibers > Environmental aspects.
Risk management.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009622105906719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Asbestiform Fibers
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • References
  • Contents
  • Executive Summary
  • ORIGIN OF THE STUDY
  • MAJOR FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • Evaluation of Risk
  • Physicochemical Properties and Health Effects
  • Recommendations
  • SUMMARY OF THE STUDY
  • Background
  • Materials of Concern
  • Relationship of Fiber Characteristics to Health Effects
  • Measurement and Extent of Exposure
  • Health Effects Methodology
  • Health Effects of Asbestos
  • Health Effects of Nonasbestos Asbestiform Fibers
  • Evidence Associating Fiber Properties with Adverse Health Effects
  • Risk Assessments
  • 1 Introduction
  • CONCURRENT NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL AND GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES RELATED TO ASBESTOS
  • THE COMMITTEE'S APPROACH
  • REFERENCES
  • 2 Asbestiform Fibers: Historical Background, Terminology, and Physicochemical Properties
  • ASBESTOS IN HISTORY
  • MINERALOGICAL TERMINOLOGY
  • SOURCES OF MINERAL PARTICLES
  • PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ASBESTIFORM FIBERS
  • Fiberlike Morphology
  • Enhanced Strength and Flexibility
  • Diameter-Dependent Strength
  • Increased Physical and Chemical Durability
  • Defect-Free Surface Structure
  • Growth-Dependent Fiber Quality
  • BIOLOGICALLY RELEVANT PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
  • Respirability
  • Size and Aspect Ratio (Length:Diameter)
  • Durability
  • Flexibility and Tensile Strength
  • Chemical Composition
  • Surface Area
  • Surface Charge
  • Standardized Asbestos Samples
  • SUMMARY
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 3 Assessing Nonoccupational Exposures to Asbestiform Fibers
  • DEFINITIONS OF EXPOSURE
  • ASBESTIFORM FIBERS AND THEIR SOURCES
  • EXPOSURE POTENTIAL FOR ASBESTOS
  • Types of Exposure
  • Quantitative Exposure Estimates
  • EXPOSURE TO OTHER NATURAL MINERAL FIBERS
  • Attapulgite
  • Erionite
  • EXPOSURE TO MAN-MADE FIBERS
  • Man-Made Mineral Fibers
  • Exposure to Other Man-Made Fibers.
  • SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 4 Measurement of Exposure to Asbestiform Fibers
  • MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
  • MEASURING ASBESTOS DUST IN THE WORKPLACE
  • The Impinger Technique
  • The Membrane Filter Technique
  • MEASURING ASBESTOS DUST IN THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT
  • RELATIONSHIPS AMONG VARIOUS EXPOSURE MEASUREMENT METHODS
  • EXPOSURE TO CHRYSOTILE IN THE AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT
  • COMPLICATING FACTORS IN ENVIRONMENTAL ASSAYS
  • FUTURE MEASUREMENT OF EXPOSURE TO ASBESTIFORM FIBERS
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 5 Effects of Asbestiform Fibers on Human Health
  • NATURE OF EVIDENCE
  • BIODISPOSITION OF FIBERS
  • Fiber Deposition
  • Clearance and Transport
  • CLINICAL ASPECTS OF ASBESTOS-ASSOCIATED DISEASES
  • Necessary Assumptions Used in Determining Health Effects
  • Sensitivity and Specificity of Clinical Evidence
  • General Diagnostic Measures
  • DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH NONOCCUPATIONAL INHALATION EXPOSURES TO ASBESTIFORM FIBERS
  • Asbestos Exposure from Household Contacts
  • Neighborhood Exposure to Asbestos
  • Natural Sources of Asbestiform Fibers
  • Summary
  • EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF EFFECTS RESULTING FROM THE INGESTION OF ASBESTOS IN DRINKING WATER
  • OCCUPATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES-METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  • CANCER MORTALITY IN OCCUPATIONAL COHORTS EXPOSED TO ASBESTOS
  • Mining and Milling
  • Manufacturing
  • Insulation
  • Shipyards
  • Relative Carcinogenicity of Different Types of Asbestos
  • Effects of Smoking
  • Summary
  • ASBESTOSIS AND ASBESTOS-ASSOCIATED PLEURAL DISEASE IN OCCUPATIONAL COHORTS
  • Mortality Studies
  • Morbidity Studies
  • Summary
  • HEALTH EFFECTS OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO MAN-MADE MINERAL FIBERS12
  • Morbidity
  • Mortality
  • Summary
  • ADDITIONAL OCCUPATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES
  • Attapulgite
  • Talc
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES.
  • 6 Laboratory Studies of the Effects of Asbestiform Fibers
  • STUDIES IN ANIMALS
  • Lung Cancer
  • Mesothelioma
  • Fibrosis
  • Events in the Gastrointestinal Tract After Exposure to Asbestos
  • IN VITRO STUDIES
  • Hemolytic Assays
  • Cytotoxicity Studies
  • Alterations in Cells of the Immune System After Exposure to Asbestiform Fibers
  • Effects on Fibroblasts In Vitro
  • INITIATION-PROMOTION MODEL OF CARCINOGENESIS
  • Interaction of Asbestiform Fibers with DNA
  • Tumor Promotion
  • In Vitro Studies with Mesothelial Cells
  • Interactions Between Fibers and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • Asbestiform Fibers: Initiators and/or Promoters of Lung Tumors?
  • Asbestiform Fibers: Initiators and/or Promoters of Malignant Mesothelioma?
  • Asbestiform Fibers: Possible Mechanisms of Fibrosis
  • SUMMARY
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • 7 Risk Assessment
  • THE PROCESS OF RISK ASSESSMENT
  • QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT
  • Mathematical Model For Carcinogenic Risk Estimate
  • PUBLISHED RISK ASSESSMENTS
  • Lung Cancer Risk from Nonoccupational Environmental Exposures
  • Mesothelioma Risk from Nonoccupational Environmental Exposures
  • QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR NONOCCUPATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURES
  • Lifetime Risk Estimates For Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma
  • Risk Assessments For Special Subpopulations
  • COMPARATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT
  • Methods
  • General Methodological Considerations
  • Scoring Considerations
  • Discussion of Comparative Risks
  • SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • Appendix A Asbestos Exposure and Human Disease. Hallmark Observations and Studies From 1898 to 1979
  • REFERENCES
  • Appendix B Natural and Synthetic Fibrous Substances and Some of their Known Biological Effects
  • REFERENCES
  • Appendix C Fiber-Quality Parameters of Selected Asbestos, Whisker, and Glass Fibers.
  • SIGNIFICANCE OF THE FIBER-QUALITY PARAMETERS
  • REFERENCES
  • Appendix D Conceptual Model of Fiber Exposure
  • SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
  • Appendix E Epidemiological Studies Among Cohorts Exposed To Asbestos
  • Appendix F Effects of Administering Asbestiform Fibers to Animals
  • Appendix G Development of Some Equations Used for Quantitative Risk Assessment
  • REFERENCE
  • Appendix H Comparative Risk Assessment Score Sheets
  • EXPOSURE
  • BIODISPOSITION
  • EFFECTS
  • Appendix I Background Information on Members of the Committee on Nonoccupational Health Risks of Asbestiform Fibers.

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