Confronting AIDS : directions for public health, health care, and research

Confronting AIDS directions for public health, health care, and research

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor Corporativo: Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on a National Strategy for AIDS (-)
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press 1986.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
AIDS (Disease) > Prevention > Government policy > United States.
AIDS (Disease) > United States > Prevention.
AIDS (Disease) > Research > Government policy > United States.
AIDS (Disease) > Research > United States.
AIDS (Disease) > Treatment > Government policy > United States.
AIDS (Disease) > Treatment > United States.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009622090306719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Confronting AIDS
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • TERMINOLOGY
  • STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • Contents
  • Abstract
  • 1 Confronting AIDS: Summary and Recommendations
  • STATUS OF THE EPIDEMIC
  • Infection and Transmission
  • Clinical Manifestations of the Disease
  • Statistical Dimensions of the Epidemic
  • THE FUTURE COURSE OF THE EPIDEMIC
  • OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALTERING THE COURSE OF THE EPIDEMIC
  • Public Education
  • Preventing HIV Infection Among IV Drug Users
  • Public Health Measures
  • Surveillance
  • Mandatory Screening
  • Voluntary Testing
  • The Role of Coercive Measures in Public Health Efforts
  • Funding for Education and Other Public Health Measures
  • Discrimination and AIDS
  • CARE OF PERSONS INFECTED WITH HIV
  • Health Care Costs Resulting from HIV Infection
  • The Financing of Health Care for HIV-Related Conditions
  • FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS
  • Basic Research
  • The Natural History of HIV Infection
  • Epidemiologic Approaches
  • Animal Models
  • Antiviral Agents
  • Vaccines
  • Social Science Research Needs
  • Funding for Research on AIDS and HIV
  • INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS OF AIDS AND HIV INFECTION
  • Rationale for U.S. International Involvement
  • Risks of Infection Outside the United States
  • International Research Opportunities
  • GUIDANCE FOR THE NATION'S EFFORTS
  • What Is Needed?
  • Establishment of the Commission
  • MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS
  • 2 Understanding of the Disease and Dimensions of the Epidemic
  • THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF AIDS
  • Features of Retroviruses
  • Related Viruses
  • PATHOGENESIS OF AIDS
  • NATURAL HISTORY OF THE DISEASE
  • CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF HIV INFECTION
  • Opportunistic Infections
  • Kaposi's Sarcoma
  • Other Malignancies
  • Neurologic Complications Associated with HIV Infection
  • Pediatric AIDS
  • MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF HIV
  • Sexual Transmission
  • Parenteral Transmission.
  • Maternal-Infant Transmission
  • POPULATION GROUPS AT INCREASED RISK OF HIV INFECTION
  • Homosexual Men
  • Intravenous Drug Users
  • Hemophiliacs
  • Recipients of Blood Transfusions
  • Heterosexual Contacts of HIV-Infected Persons
  • Infants and Children
  • Health Care Workers
  • EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES AND FINDINGS
  • Surveillance
  • National Disease Reporting
  • Epidemiologic Research
  • Case-Control Studies
  • Prospective Cohort Studies
  • Serologic Surveys
  • Findings of Epidemiologic Studies
  • The Prevalence of HIV Infection
  • AIDS Cases By Risk Group
  • AIDS Case Trends by Geographic Area
  • AIDS Case Trends by Sex, Race, and Age
  • AIDS Case Trends in Disease Presentation and Mortality
  • HIV INFECTION AND AIDS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES
  • African Countries
  • Other Countries
  • REFERENCES
  • 3 The Future Course of the Epidemic and Available National Resources
  • PROJECTIONS BY THE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
  • PROBLEMS IN MAKING PROJECTIONS
  • THE EPIDEMIC WITHIN AND BEYOND HIGH-RISK GROUPS
  • THE PROPORTION OF SEROPOSITIVE INDIVIDUALS WHO WILL DEVELOP AIDS
  • LONG-TERM PROSPECTS
  • NATIONAL RESOURCES FOR DEALING WITH AIDS AND HIV
  • Impediments to Involvement
  • Mechanisms for Coordinating Activities
  • REFERENCES
  • 4 Opportunities for Altering the Course of the Epidemic
  • PUBLIC EDUCATION
  • What Should Be the Content of Public Education?
  • What Are the Aims of Public Education?
  • Who Needs Education?
  • Who Should Do the Educating?
  • Assessing Educational Interventions
  • A Special Case-Changing Behavior among IV Drug Users
  • Drug Abuse Treatment Programs
  • Distribution of Sterile Needles and Syringes
  • Recommendations
  • PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES
  • Tests for Infection with HIV
  • Blood Banking
  • Surveillance
  • Reporting Schemes
  • Contact Tracing and Notification
  • Mandatory Screening
  • Voluntary Testing
  • Compulsory Measures.
  • Compulsory Measures among Institutionalized Populations
  • Compulsory Closing and Regulation of Facilities
  • Recommendations
  • FUNDING FOR EDUCATION AND OTHER PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES
  • Recommendation
  • DISCRIMINATION AND AIDS
  • Recommendations
  • REFERENCES
  • 5 Care of Persons Infected with HIV
  • ROLES OF HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS
  • Recommendations
  • HEALTH CARE SETTINGS FOR AIDS PATIENTS
  • Hospital Care
  • Outpatient Care
  • Community-Based AIDS Care
  • Recommendations
  • NEEDS OF SPECIFIC PATIENT POPULATIONS
  • PSYCHIATRIC AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT
  • Needs of Patients with AIDS
  • Needs of Patients with ARC
  • Needs of Patients with Subclinical HIV Infections
  • Needs of Seronegative Persons
  • Recommendations
  • ETHICAL ASPECTS OF PROVIDING CARE
  • COSTS OF HEALTH CARE FOR HIV-RELATED CONDITIONS
  • Direct Costs of Care for AIDS Patients
  • Costs of Care for ARC Patients and Seropositive Individuals
  • Indirect Costs of HIV-Related Conditions
  • Cost Implications of Projected AIDS Cases
  • Projected Hospitalization Facilities
  • Conclusions and Recommendations
  • FINANCING OF HEALTH CARE FOR HIV-RELATED CONDITIONS
  • Sources of Financing
  • Medicaid
  • Medicare
  • Private Insurance
  • Improving the Coverage of Health Care Costs
  • Emerging Issues
  • Policy Issues
  • Conclusions and Recommendations
  • REFERENCES
  • 6 Future Research Needs
  • THE STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION OF HIV
  • Retroviral Structure
  • Retroviral Replication
  • Definition of the Structural and Functional Constituents of HIV
  • Determination of the Structure of the HIV Virion
  • Interrupting Infection by HIV
  • Conclusions and Recommendations
  • NATURAL HISTORY OF HIV INFECTION
  • Transmission of HIV
  • The Immune System Response to HIV Infection
  • The Immunologic Consequences of HIV Infection
  • Recommendations.
  • EPIDEMIOLOGIC APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING THE TRANSMISSION AND NATURAL HISTORY OF HIV INFECTION
  • Recommendations on Surveillance
  • Recommendations on Natural History of HIV Infection
  • Recommendations on Transmission of HIV
  • Recommendations on the Need for Improved Serologic and Virologic Tests
  • ANIMAL MODELS
  • HIV Infection of Chimpanzees
  • HIV-Related Viruses in Old World Primates
  • Lentiviruses of Ungulates
  • Conclusions and Recommendations
  • ANTIVIRAL AGENTS
  • Drug Evaluation in Vitro
  • Drug Evaluation in Humans
  • Current Antiviral Agents under Clinical Study
  • Suramin
  • HPA-23
  • Azidothymidine (AZT)
  • Ribavirin
  • Foscarnet
  • Alpha Interferon
  • New Antiviral Agents against AIDS
  • Conclusions and Recommendations
  • Vaccines
  • Animal Retrovirus Vaccines
  • Vaccines against HIV
  • Models of Vaccine Delivery
  • Approaches to HIV Vaccine Development and Evaluation
  • Conclusions and Recommendations
  • Social Science Research Needs
  • Breaking the Chain of Transmission
  • Reducing Public Fear and Its Effects
  • Organizing Health and Social Services
  • Conclusions and Recommendations
  • FUNDING FOR RESEARCH RELATED TO AIDS AND HIV
  • Current Levels of and Mechanisms for Funding
  • Centers for Disease Control
  • National Institutes of Health
  • Other Federal and State Agencies
  • Industry
  • Current NIH Funding Mechanisms
  • Distribution of Funds among Agencies and to Specific Research Areas
  • Assessing Desirable Levels of Research Support
  • Recommendations
  • REFERENCES
  • 7 International Aspects of AIDS and HIV Infection
  • PROJECTIONS OF THE DISEASE OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES
  • INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
  • RATIONALE FOR U.S. INTERNATIONAL INVOLVEMENT
  • Foreign Policy Considerations
  • Health Improvement Assistance
  • International Spread of Diseases
  • Opportunities for Mutually Beneficial Research.
  • Agencies and Organizations with International Responsibilities or Operations
  • Importation
  • INFECTION RISKS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES
  • Sexual Exposure
  • Exposure Through Blood Transfusion
  • IV Drug Use
  • Use of Unsterile Needles and Implements
  • Lack of Evidence for Transmission by Insect Vectors and Casual Contact
  • Conclusions
  • INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES
  • THE U.S. CONTRIBUTION TO INTERNATIONAL EFFORTS
  • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • Appendixes
  • A Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection
  • Opportunistic Infections
  • Protozoal Infections
  • Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • Cryptosporidium
  • Isospora belli
  • Fungal Infections
  • Candida
  • Cryptococcus
  • Bacterial Infections
  • Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
  • Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare
  • Salmonella Infections
  • Pyogenic Bacteria
  • Viral Infections
  • Herpes Simplex Virus
  • Herpes Zoster
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Other Infections in Members of Risk Groups
  • Malignancies and Other Neoplastic Diseases
  • Kaposi's Sarcoma
  • Kaposi's Sarcoma in Non-AIDS Populations
  • Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in AIDS
  • Hodgkin's Disease in Homosexual Men
  • Other Cancers in AIDS
  • Neurologic Complications
  • Clinical and Pathologic Features of Neurologic Diseases
  • Aseptic Meningitis
  • Subacute Encephalitis
  • Myelopathy
  • Peripheral Neuropathies
  • HIV Infection of the Nervous System
  • Cellular Localization of HIV
  • Unsolved Problems
  • Pediatric AIDS
  • Clinical Features and Diagnosis
  • Diagnostic Criteria
  • References
  • B Serologic and Virologic Testing
  • Performance Characteristics of the Tests
  • Bibliography
  • C Risk of HIV Transmission from Blood Transfusion
  • References
  • D U.S. Public and Private Sector Resources for Fighting AIDS
  • Public Sector
  • Federal
  • State, City, and Local Authorities
  • Private Sector.
  • Commercial Entities.

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