Air pollution, the automobile, and public health
| Autor Corporativo: | |
|---|---|
| Otros Autores: | , , |
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
Washington, D.C. :
National Academy Press
1988.
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| Edición: | 1st ed |
| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009622087806719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- AIR POLLUTION, THE AUTOMOBILE, AND PUBLIC HEALTH
- Copyright
- Foreword
- Contents
- Part I: Overview
- Automotive Emissions Research
- EMISSIONS CONTROL: THE HISTORY OF CONFLICT
- BENEFITS OF REGULATION
- CURRENT PROBLEMS FOR MOTOR VEHICLES
- IMPORTANCE OF CONTINUING HEALTH RESEARCH
- Regulations: Form or Substance?
- Safety Margins and Susceptible Groups
- Costs and Benefits
- Emergence of a New Regulatory Structure in Mobile Source Emission Regulation
- Research and Comprehensive Risk Management
- Regulatory Credibility and the Maturation of Toxicology
- THE HEALTH EFFECTS INSTITUTE AND THE SOCIAL CONTEXT
- Project History and Organization
- RATIONALE
- ORGANIZATION
- MESSAGES TO AND FROM THE AUTHORS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- STEERING COMMITTEE
- EXPOSURE ANALYSIS SUBCOMMITTEE
- BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS SUBCOMMITTEE
- PEER REVIEWERS
- Motor Vehicle Emissions: A Strategy for Quantifying Risk
- AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS: A BRIEF PERSPECTIVE
- UNDERSTANDING THE COMPONENTS OF RISK
- Chemical and Physical Properties of Pollutants
- Pollutant Exposure and Dose to Biological Tissues
- Biological Responses to Pollutants
- Sensitive Individuals
- RESEARCH APPROACHES
- Epidemiology
- Experimental Methods
- Mathematical Models
- Physical Models
- PURSUING QUANTITATIVE TOXICOLOGY: A STRATEGY FOR RESEARCH
- Highlights of the Authors' Recommendations
- Criteria for Prioritization
- A Proposed Research Strategy
- Summary
- CONCLUSION
- References
- Part II: Exposure Analysis
- Automotive Emissions
- POLLUTION FROM AUTOMOBILES-PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
- Emissions Standards and Control Approaches
- Fuel Economy
- In-Use Passenger Car Emissions
- EMISSIONS REGULATIONS
- Emission Test Procedures
- Emission Standards
- U.S. Fuel Economy Standards
- VEHICLE AND EMISSION CONTROL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY.
- Spark-Ignition Gasoline-Powered Vehicles
- Diesel-Powered Passenger Cars: Particulate Control
- Diesel-Powered Heavy-Duty Vehicles
- IN-USE VEHICLE AND ENGINE CHARACTERISTICS
- Gasoline-Powered Passenger Cars and Trucks
- Diesel-Powered Passenger Cars
- Diesel-Powered Trucks
- MODELS FOR PREDICTING FUTURE EMISSIONS
- FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES
- Trends in Gasoline Fuel Properties
- Fuel Usage Trends
- Methanol-Fueled Vehicles
- Trends in Diesel Fuel Properties
- Refueling Emissions
- Additives
- METHODS FOR MEASURING THE UNREGULATED POLLUTANTS*
- Sampling
- Analytical Methods
- CURRENT REGULATED AND UNREGULATED EMISSIONS
- Regulated Emissions
- Unregulated Emissions
- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- References
- Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion of Air Pollutants Associated with Vehicular Emissions
- DEFINITIONS OF TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION
- Meteorological Parameters
- Scales of Motion
- TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION: THEORY AND APPLICATIONS
- Near Field
- Urban-Scale Transport and Dispersion
- Regional-Scale Transport
- SUMMARY
- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
- References
- Atmospheric Transformations of Automotive Emissions
- COMPONENTS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATIONS UNDER ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS
- Physical Removal Processes
- Chemical Removal Processes
- ATMOSPHERIC LIFETIMES, FATES, AND PRODUCTS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC TRANSFORMATIONS OF AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS
- Atmospheric Lifetimes
- Atmospheric Transformations
- Analytical Techniques
- SUMMARY
- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
- References
- Ambient Levels of Anthropogenic Emissions and Their Atmospheric Transformation Products
- CONCENTRATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC TRACE CONSTITUENTS
- Temporal and Spatial Patterns of Primary Gases
- Selected Particle Constituents.
- Photochemical Products and Unregulated Emittants
- INDOOR CONCENTRATIONS
- Principal Trace Gases
- Minor Emittants and Products
- EMITTANTS WITH POTENTIAL GLOBAL INFLUENCE
- Carbon Dioxide
- Carbon Monoxide
- Methane
- SUMMARY
- Data Adequacy
- Trends
- Concentrations
- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- Mathematical Modeling of the Effect of Emission Sources on Atmospheric Pollutant Concentrations
- DEVELOPMENT OF AIR QUALITY MODELS
- Components of Exposure
- Source/Receptor Relationships
- Historical Perspective
- EMISSION SOURCE CHARACTERISTICS
- CATEGORIES OF AIR QUALITY MODELS
- Empirical/Statistical Models
- Deterministic Models
- Temporal and Spatial Resolution of Empirical and Analytical Models
- MODELING APPROACHES FOR INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES
- Turbulent Transport and Diffusion
- Complex Terrain: Street Canyons
- Removal Processes
- Representation of Atmospheric Chemistry Through Chemical Mechanisms
- Aerosol Dynamics
- MODEL EVALUATION
- Approaches for Testing Model Performance
- Data Requirements
- Analysis of Model Performance
- APPLICATION OF AIR QUALITY MODELS
- Population Exposure Calculations
- Source Apportionment and Control Strategies
- Future Uses
- SPECIAL TOPICS AND EMERGING ISSUES IN AIR QUALITY MODELING
- Modeling Large-Scale Processes
- Modeling Small-Scale Processes
- Indoor/Outdoor Pollutant Relationships
- CONCLUSION
- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- Assessment of Human Exposure to Air Pollution: Methods, Measurements, and Models
- HUMAN EXPOSURE: INTRODUCTION
- DEFINITIONS
- Concentration, Exposure, and Dose
- Components of Exposure
- Types of Exposure Information
- Individual Exposure Versus Population Exposure
- METHODS
- Air Monitoring
- Biological Monitoring
- Research Recommendations.
- MEASUREMENTS
- Air Monitoring
- Research Recommendation
- Biological Monitoring
- Research Recommendation
- MODELING HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION
- Statistical Modeling
- Physical Modeling
- Physical-Stochastic Modeling
- Source Apportionment
- Validation and Generalization
- Research Recommendation
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- Biological Disposition of Airborne Particles: Basic Principles and Application to Vehicular Emissions
- STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
- Upper Respiratory Tract
- Tracheobronchial Tree
- Pulmonary Region
- Research Recommendations
- VENTILATION
- Ventilatory Parameters
- Comparative Aspects of Ventilation
- Airflow Patterns
- Research Recommendations
- DEPOSITION OF INHALED PARTICLES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
- Deposition Mechanisms and Controlling Factors
- Measurement of Deposition
- Factors Modifying Deposition
- Localized Patterns of Deposition
- Mathematical Modeling
- Research Recommendations
- RETENTION OF DEPOSITED PARTICLES
- Clearance Mechanisms: Basic Structure and Function
- Clearance Kinetics
- Factors Modifying Clearance
- Research Recommendations
- DISPOSITION OF VEHICULAR PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
- Diesel Exhaust Particles
- Metals
- Sulfates
- Research Recommendations
- SUMMARY
- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS: DISCUSSION
- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS: PRIORITIES
- References
- Biological Disposition of Vehicular Airborne Emissions: Particle-Associated Organic Constituents
- SIGNIFICANCE OF CARRIER PARTICLES
- CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICLE-ASSOCIATED AIR POLLUTANTS
- INHALATION OF AIRBORNE PARTICLES
- Disposition of Inhaled Particle-Associated Organic Compounds
- Bio availability of Particle-Associated Organic Compounds
- TOXICITY OF INHALED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
- Varieties of Toxic Responses
- Metabolism of Chemical Carcinogens
- Effects on the Immune System
- SUMMARY
- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- Transport and Uptake of Inhaled Gases
- IMPLICATIONS OF LUNG ANATOMY
- Upper Airways
- Conducting Airways
- Respiratory Zone
- Nonuniformities in Ventilation and Perfusion
- FUNDAMENTALS OF MASS TRANSPORT
- Thermodynamic Equilibria
- Diffusion and Reaction Rates
- Individual Mass Transfer Coefficients
- Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients
- Longitudinal Gas Transport
- MATHEMATICAL MODELS
- Compartment Models
- Distributed-Parameter Upper Airway Models
- Distributed-Parameter Lower Airway Models
- EXPERIMENTS
- In Vitro Methods
- In Vivo Animal Experiments
- In Vivo Human Subject Studies
- SUMMARY
- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- References
- Dosimetry Modeling of Inhaled Toxic Reactive Gases
- APPLICATIONS OF DOSIMETRY MODELING
- ANATOMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Anatomical Models
- Liquid Lining of the Respiratory Tract
- Lung Tissue and Blood
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF REACTIVE GASES
- Solubility
- Molecular Diffusion
- Convection in Respiratory Tract Fluids
- Chemical Reactions
- DOSIMETRY MODELING
- Upper Respiratory Tract and Total Respiratory Tract Models
- Lower Respiratory Tract Models
- Influence of Anatomical and Physiological Factors
- Influence of Physicochemical Factors
- Importance of Experimental Data
- SUMMARY
- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
- References
- Part III: Biological Effects
- Epidemiologic Studies of Effects of Oxidant Exposure on Human Populations
- ROLE OF EPIDEMIOLOGY IN AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH
- PRIOR AND ONGOING STUDIES-DESIGNS, FINDINGS, AND PROBLEMS
- Cross-Sectional Studies of Pulmonary Function and Symptoms.
- Prospective Cohort Studies.
