Hazards : technology and fairness

Hazards technology and fairness

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autor principal: National Academy of Engineering Staff (corporate author)
Autores Corporativos: National Academy of Engineering Staff Corporate Author (corporate author), National Academy of Engineering (-), Symposium on Hazards: Technology and Fairness
Formato: Libro electrónico
Idioma:Inglés
Publicado: Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press 1986.
Edición:1st ed
Materias:
Technology > Risk management > Congresses.
Health risk assessment > Congresses.
Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull:https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009622055906719
Tabla de Contenidos:
  • Hazards: Technology and Fairness
  • Copyright
  • PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • Contents
  • INTRODUCTION: EMERGING ISSUES IN HAZARD MANAGEMENT
  • REFERENCE
  • PART 1 UNCERTAINTY
  • Science and Its Limits: The Regulator's Dilemma
  • SCIENCE AND RARE EVENTS
  • Scientific" Approaches to Rare Events
  • Low-Level Exposure
  • Natural Carcinogens
  • Ambiguous Carcinogens
  • How Science Reacts to Intrinsic Uncertainty
  • THE ATTACK ON SCIENCE FROM THE SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE
  • FINESSING UNCERTAINTY
  • Technological Fix
  • The De Minimis Principle
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCES
  • Causality of a Given Cancer After Known Radiation Exposure
  • ACCIDENTAL HARM IN POPULATIONS OF EXPOSED PERSONS
  • QUANTAL RESPONSE IN A POPULATION OF HARMED PERSONS
  • RADIOTHERAHY OR ACCIDENTAL HIGH-LEVEL RADIATION EXPOSURE
  • LOW-LEVEL EXPOSURE OF NORMAL POPULATIONS
  • RADIOBIOLOGICAL RESPONSE FUNCTIONS
  • PROBABILITY OF CAUSATION IN CANCER CASES
  • NOTES
  • References
  • Dealing With Uncertainty About Risk in Risk Management
  • RISK VERSUS UNCERTAINTY
  • Risk Assessment Policy
  • Is Conservatism Protective?
  • The Social Costs of Error
  • Resource Constraints and Risk Management
  • Risk Transfers
  • Do Standard Setters Compensate for Conservative Risk Analysis?
  • CONSERVATISM IN RISK ASSESSMENT: COMMENTS
  • DE MINIMIS RISK
  • De Minimis Risk and Conflicting Social Objectives
  • Individual Versus Societal Definition of De Minimis Risk
  • Multiple Sources of Risk
  • Applying the De Minimis Concept
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • References
  • Scientists, Engineers, and the Burdens of Occupational Exposure: The Case of the Lead Standard
  • BACKGROUND OF THE OSHA LEAD STANDARD
  • HEARINGS ON THE OSHA STANDARD: SCIENCE, POLITICS, AND THE CLASH OF INTERESTS
  • THE FINAL LEAD STANDARD
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • References
  • PART 2 EQUITY AND COMPENSATION
  • Hypersusceptibility to Occupational Hazards.
  • HYPERSUSCEPTIBLE GROUPS
  • SCREENING AND MONITORING
  • FAIRNESS
  • References
  • The Bhopalization of American Tort Law
  • TORT LAW, OLD AND NEW
  • Bipolarity
  • Timeliness
  • The World in the Oyster
  • The Driving Force
  • CAN THE LEGAL SYSTEM COPE?
  • Regressive Incentives
  • Inefficient Compensation
  • Kindling the Flames
  • The Writing on the Wall
  • THE AGENCIES AND THE COURTS
  • Institutional Competence
  • Deferring to the Experts
  • Compensating Victims
  • PUBLIC RISKS AND POLITICAL LEGITIMACY
  • NOTES
  • References
  • Hazards Equity: A Perspective on the Compensation System
  • THE PRINCIPLE OF FORESEEABILITY
  • Mental Suffering Cases
  • Fire and Wind Cases
  • Product Liability Cases
  • The CERCLA Statute and Absolute Liability
  • THE PRINCIPLE OF JOINT AND SEVERAL LIABILITY WITHOUT CONTRIBUTION
  • MODIFYING THE APPLICATION OF COMMON LAW PRINCIPLES
  • New Determinants of Duty
  • Mandatory Allocation of Damages Among Responsible Parties
  • CONCLUSION
  • References
  • Hazardous Waste Facility Siting: Community, Firm, and Governmental Perspectives
  • KEY PROBLEMS IN FACILITY SITING
  • The Need for a Systems Approach
  • Risk Uncertainty
  • Public Perception of Risk
  • Equity and the Ethics of Risk Imposition
  • Institutional Distrust
  • Communicating Risk to the Public
  • Problem and Institutional Mismatch
  • MAJOR APPROACHES TO SITING: A CRITIQUE
  • Approach 1: Locational Opportunism
  • Approach 2: Imposition by Central Authority
  • Approach 3: Bartered Consent
  • Approach 4: Fairness-Centered Process
  • TOWARD A NEW APPROACH
  • Conceptualizing the Siting Problem
  • An Ethical Base for Siting
  • Policy Tools
  • Authority and the Systems Approach
  • Risk Reduction and Safety Assurance
  • Risk Sharing
  • The Role of Compensation
  • Risk Compensation and Public Participation
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • References.
  • Hazard Compensation and Incentive Systems: An Economic Perspective
  • PROBLEM CHARACTERISTICS
  • DESIGNING INCENTIVE SYSTEMS FOR PROTECTIVE ACTIVITIES
  • Broadening the Time Horizon
  • Reducing Insurance Premiums
  • Penalties and Fines
  • COMPENSATION IN SITING TECHNOLOGICAL FACILITIES
  • Stages in the Siting Process
  • Stage 1: Building the Facility
  • Massachusetts Hazardous Waste Facility Siting Authority Act
  • Wes-Con, Inc.
  • Gray Rocks Power Plant
  • LNG Facility in Wilhelmshaven
  • Stage 2: Living With the Site
  • Antonelli Corporation
  • Wes-Con, Inc.
  • Stage 3: Accidents
  • Federal-Private Insurance
  • Self-Insurance Funds
  • Integrating Stakeholders and Stages
  • Perception of Risk
  • Eliciting Preferences for Communities
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • NOTES
  • References
  • PART 3 MANAGING TECHNOLOGICAL HAZARDS
  • Economic, Legal, and Practical Problems in Hazardous Waste Cleanup and Management
  • HOW CLEAN IS CLEAN?
  • Harris Corporation
  • Sapp Battery Salvage
  • ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
  • Cost-Effectiveness
  • Jacksonville
  • Whitehouse Oil Pits
  • Financial Responsibility
  • Tower Chemical
  • Liability Insurance
  • LEGAL PROBLEMS
  • Cleanup Delays
  • Sovereign Immunity
  • PRACTICAL PROBLEMS
  • HAZARDOUS AND INDUSTRIAL WASTE ENFORCEMENT
  • PROSPECTS FOR LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT
  • Duval County
  • Pinellas County
  • National Small-Quantity Generator Survey
  • Amnesty Days
  • The Case for Transfer Stations
  • Multipurpose Facility
  • Another Alternative: Incineration
  • CONCLUSION
  • Focusing Private-Sector Action on Public Hazards
  • HAZARDOUS WASTE CLEANUP: THE SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
  • CLEAN SITES INC.: GOALS AND ORGANIZATION
  • WHAT CAN CLEAN SITES INC. DO?
  • DIRECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE
  • References
  • Three Mile Island and Bhopal: Lessons Learned and Not Learned
  • LESSONS FOR INDUSTRY
  • LESSONS FOR REGULATORS
  • THE PUBLIC.
  • TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS
  • SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS
  • References
  • Managing Technological Hazards: Success, Strain, and Surprise
  • INSTITUTIONS OF HAZARD MANAGEMENT
  • THE PERSISTENCE OF SURPRISE
  • LIMITS TO HAZARD MANAGEMENT
  • TECHNOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL FIXES
  • SHIFTING ATTITUDES, INSTITUTIONS, AND ACTIVITIES
  • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  • NOTES
  • References
  • ABOUT THE AUTHORS.

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