Preparing urban water use efficiency plans a best practice guide
Many communities are facing water scarcity in developing and developed countries alike. There are numerous publications and on-going research studies documenting the changes in our climate and potential for worsening shortages in our future. Meeting future potable water demands as communities contin...
| Autor principal: | |
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| Otros Autores: | , |
| Formato: | Libro electrónico |
| Idioma: | Inglés |
| Publicado: |
London, England :
IWA Publishing
2013
2014. |
| Edición: | 1st ed |
| Colección: | Best Practice Guides on Metals and Related Substances in Drinking Water Ser.
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| Materias: | |
| Ver en Biblioteca Universitat Ramon Llull: | https://discovery.url.edu/permalink/34CSUC_URL/1im36ta/alma991009430296206719 |
Tabla de Contenidos:
- Cover
- Copyright
- Contents
- List of Case Studies
- About the authors
- Acknowledgements
- Foreword
- Preface
- Abbreviations
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- 1.1 Purpose of this Publication
- 1.2 Definition of Efficient Water Use
- 1.3 Benefits of Water Efficiency
- 1.3.1 Summary of water utility benefits
- 1.3.2 Summary of wastewater utility benefits
- 1.3.3 Summary of customer benefits
- 1.3.4 Summary of environmental benefits
- 1.3.5 Summary of energy utility and other benefits
- 1.4 Objectives of Water-Use Efficiency Planning
- 1.5 Water-Use Efficiency Plans and Funding Assistance Policies
- 1.6 Publication Outline
- Case Study 1
- Chapter 2: Developing a Water-Use Efficiency Plan
- 2.1 Plan Contents
- 2.2 Plan Outline
- 2.3 Plan Updates
- 2.4 Suggested Public Participation in Plan Preparation
- Case Study 2
- Chapter 3: Assessing Current and Planned Water Supply Sources
- 3.1 Define Water Supply Reliability and Conservation Benefits
- 3.2 Service Area, Watershed and Seasonal Climate
- 3.3 Climate Change Shifts in Water Supply Availability
- 3.4 Sources of Water Supply
- 3.4.1 Surface water
- 3.4.2 Groundwater
- 3.4.3 Recycled water and desalination
- 3.4.4 Other sources
- 3.4.5 Water sources quality
- 3.4.6 Water transfers/exchanges
- 3.4.7 Water Treatment and Distribution System
- 3.5 Supply Vulnerability
- 3.6 Effect of Water-Use Efficiency on Water and Wastewater Systems
- 3.6.1 Lowering water system operating costs and green house gases
- 3.6.2 Downsizing water systems
- 3.6.3 Cost Saving on wastewater system operations
- 3.6.4 Downsizing wastewater systems
- Case Study 3
- Case Study 4
- Chapter 4: Assessing Current and Future Water Demands
- 4.1 Evaluating Current Water Use
- 4.1.1 Describing the service area
- 4.1.2 Describing water use
- 4.1.3 Analysing historical water use.
- 4.2 Forecasting Future Water Demand
- 4.2.1 Method 1 - total per capita water use
- 4.2.2 Method 2 - projection by customer class
- 4.3 Use of Demand Forecasts in Demand Management Planning
- Case Study 5
- Chapter 5: Developing Water Use Efficiency Goals
- 5.1 Frame Water Use Efficiency Needs
- 5.1.1 Supply
- 5.1.2 Demand
- 5.2 Assessment of Water Savings Potential for Customers
- 5.2.1 Assess water usage by customer category
- 5.2.2 Estimate end uses
- 5.2.3 Understanding water using behaviours to focus efficiency efforts
- 5.3 Describe Current Demand Management Programme
- 5.4 Identify Possible Water Supply Options for Meeting Future Demand
- 5.5 Establishment of Water Efficiency Goals
- Case Study 6
- Case Study 7
- Chapter 6: Determining Feasibility of Water-Use Efficiency Measures
- 6.1 Water Distribution Efficiency Measures for Utilities
- 6.1.1 Water system audits, leak detection and repair
- 6.1.2 Metering with tariffs based on volume of water use
- 6.2 Water Efficiency Measures for Customers
- 6.2.1 Developing a list of alternative evaluation measures
- 6.2.2 Water efficient devices, fixtures and fittings
- 6.3 Measure Screening Process
- 6.3.1 Suggested menu of water efficiency measures
- 6.3.2 Example of a screening process
- Case Study 8
- Case Study 9
- Case Study 10
- Case Study 11
- Chapter 7: Evaluating Cost Effectiveness of Water Efficiency Measures
- 7.1 Approach to Benefit-Cost Analysis
- 7.2 Basis for Benefit-Cost Analysis
- 7.2.1 Responsibility of the efficiency programme manager
- 7.2.2 Benefit-cost analysis methodology
- 7.3 Key Considerations in Estimating Benefits and Costs
- 7.3.1 Utility benefits (avoided costs)
- 7.3.2 Utility costs
- 7.4 Estimated Customer Benefits
- 7.5 Estimated Other Benefits and Costs
- 7.6 Re-evaluation of Programme Cost Effectiveness.
- 7.7 Example of Evaluating Programme Cost Effectiveness
- Case Study 12
- Case Study 13
- Chapter 8: Financing Water-Use Efficiency Programmes
- 8.1 Infrastructure Cost Savings
- 8.2 Water Tariff Pricing and Fee-based Funding Schemes
- 8.3 Private Funding and Performance Contracting
- 8.4 Outside Sources of Funding
- Case Study 14
- Case Study 15
- Case Study 16
- Case Study 17
- Case Study 18
- Chapter 9: Community Involvement and Capacity Development in Water Use Efficiency
- 9.1 Engaging Public Stakeholders
- 9.1.1 Developing a public participation strategy
- 9.1.2 Identifying target audiences
- 9.1.3 Techniques for consensus building
- 9.1.4 Tools for engaging the public for setting plan goals
- 9.1.5 Guidelines for conducting a successful process
- 9.2 Building Public Awareness on Water Conservation and Water Efficiency
- 9.2.1 Developing a public awareness program
- 9.2.2 Achieving social acceptance through cultural awareness and community based marketing
- 9.3 Building Community Capacity and Leveraging Non-Governmental Organizations
- 9.3.1 Engaging local professionals and trade organizations
- 9.3.2 Role of non-governmental organizations
- 9.3.3 Role of local community leaders and citizens
- 9.3.4 Gaining support from local institutions and universities
- Case Study 19
- Case Study 20
- Case Study 21
- Chapter 10: Approaches for Programme Implementation
- 10.1 Implementation
- 10.1.1 Responsibilities of an efficiency programme manager
- 10.1.2 Developing a work plan
- 10.1.3 Responsibility of programme participants
- 10.2 Overcoming Constraints
- 10.2.1 Lack of data
- 10.2.2 Knowledge of efficiency measures
- 10.2.3 Availability of long-range capital facility plans
- 10.3 Programme Monitoring and Evaluation
- 10.3.1 Measuring water savings
- 10.3.2 Other techniques for measuring effectiveness.
- 10.4 Utilization of the Efficiency Networks
- Case Study 22
- Case Study 23
- Case Study 24
- Case Study 25
- Appendix 1: Glossary of Key Terms
- Appendix 2: Internet Resources for Water Efficiency
- Appendix 3: Example Water Use Efficiency Measures for Water Utilities
- Appendix 4: Guide to Making Benefit-Cost Calculations
- Introduction
- A. Choosing an accounting perspective
- B. Calculating benefits in terms of water savings
- C. Determining the benefits of efficiency measures
- D. Determining the costs of efficiency measures
- E. Performing a benefit-cost analysis
- F. Determining the benefit-to-cost ratio using present value analysis
- G. Determining a benefit-cost ratio for all efficiency measures combined into one programme
- Appendix 5: Sample Checklist for Water Saving Measures
- References.
