CaCO3 Marangoni convection Ti6Al4V adsorption air-liquid interface aprotinin biomedicine block polymers calcium alginate calcium carbonate cell culture co-synthesis collagen controlled release crosslinking drug delivery encapsulation evaporative self-assembly field-effect transistor flexible geometric confinement fluorescence food industry layer-by-layer marine exopolysaccharide mesoporous microstructure monolayer morphological transformation mucin nanocrystalline