3D X-ray 3D-IC (three-dimensional integrated circuit) BGA GaN History of engineering & technology Mathematical modelling Monte Carlo simulation SAC305 Simulated annealing (Mathematics) Technology: general issues bias temperature-humidity reliability test conductive anodic filament (CAF) de-penalization deconvolution deep space environment elastic mechanical properties electrochemistry based electrical model electromagnetic interference extreme thermal shocks factorial design of experiment finite element analysis fracture failure gamma process genetic algorithm optimization lifetime lineal energy linear energy transfer low temperature measurement system analysis microdosimetry