2D materials Al-Ni system AlN/Al coating Ga-Sn-Zn alloys Raman spectroscopy SEM-EDX SnO electrical properties Technology: general issues ToF-SIMS 3D imaging ToF-SIMS analysis aluminum oxide compositional depth profiling copper oxide degradation doping electrolyte-gated transistors gallium alloys grain boundaries growth kinetics high aspect ratio (HAR) structures indentation failure modes intermetallic phases lateral high aspect ratio (LHAR) leaching liquid alloys lithium-ion magnetron sputtering microwave synthesis multi-level cell nanoanalysis