Janus microsphere Technology: general issues ablation characteristics alternating current (AC) electrokinetics application arrays biosensor bisphenol A brain tissue oxygen continuous biomolecule collection ego-dielectrophoresis electrochemical transduction electroconvection electrothermal fabrication flexible electrode glucose stimulated insulin response in vivo monitoring indium tin oxide (ITO) induced-charge electrokinetic phenomenon insulin secretion interdigitated electrodes intracortical microelectrode arrays ion beam assisted electron beam deposition (IBAD) islets of Langerhans liquid metal low contact impedance microelectrode microelectrode array (MEA) microfluidics