Technology: general issues advanced nanomaterials alkaline phosphatase amperometric bi-functional properties biosensor bone diseases copper nanoparticle drug delivery dual in-line sensing electrochemical electrochemical sensing fluorescence food quality monitoring glucose and H2O2 machine learning metallic nanoparticle nanocarriers nanotechnology non-enzymatic osteosarcoma rare cancer retinoblastoma sensitivity surface-tailored multi-functionalized nanoparticles terminal protection tumor-suppressor gene mutation tumor-targeted voltammetric