Brønsted acid sites CO hydrogenation CO-rich hydrogen CO2 activation CO2 utilization CoMo sulfided catalyst FeCu catalysts H/D exchange HDO History of engineering & technology KMnO4 pretreatment Ni/Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalysts Ni/KIT-6 NiMo/Al2O3 XPS acetone D-isotopomers distribution activated carbon activation energy artificial neural network atomic layer deposition bio-oil bio-oil upgrade biodiesel biofuel biomass and bio-oil carbon dioxide carboxylic acids upgrading catalysis catalyst catalyst acidity and basicity