5G Benders’ decomposition IEC 61850 LoRa MILP optimization Technology: general issues active power management allocation arbitrage battery degradation combined economic emission dispatch distributed energy resources distributed generation planning (DGP) distributed hierarchical strategy distribution network planning distribution networks distribution system operators dynamic economic dispatch electric vehicles electric vehicles aggregator electricity markets emission constraints energy curtailment energy management system energy storage system energy storages environment-based demand response flexibility frequency control isolated AC/DC hybrid microgrid