ADM formalism Brans-Dicke theory Hawking radiation Physics Research & information: general Wheeler-DeWitt equation backreaction effects bounce bounce models canonical quantum gravity classical and quantum cosmology clocks cyclic universe dark energy singularities de Broglie-Bohm interpretation early universe cosmology entanglement entropy exact solutions extended theories of gravity generalized uncertainty principles instantons loop quantum cosmology multiverse no-boundary proposal noether symmetries noncommutativity observations polymer quantum mechanics quantum cosmology quantum fields