0D model 48 V Mild Hybrid ANN AdBlue® injection CNG Eulerian–Lagrangian approach GDI engines History of engineering & technology Lambda-1 engine active disturbance rejection control advanced injection strategy burn duration camless co-combustion coefficient of variation of IMEP combustion noise combustion stability computational fluid dynamics control conversion efficiency diesel engine diesel engines diesel fuel dimethyl ether (DME) direct-acting piezoelectric injectors dual fuel dual fuel engine dual-fuel electric supercharger electrically assisted turbocharger