Damage Index FEM simulation Finite Element Method History of engineering & technology Lamb wave Passive Magnetic Inspection (PMI) X-ray adaptive threshold aluminum alloy wheel basalt fibers chaotic behavior composite damage composite laminate composites cross-ply fiber reinforced composite damage assessment debonding defect defect detection defect localization delamination diffuse ultrasonic waves discrete defects electromagnetic detection electromechanical impedance frescoed surfaces historical masonry building image enhancement impact damage impact hammer test