Alzheimer’s disease History of engineering & technology Klotho NMR spectroscopy arterial stiffness aspirin baPWV bariatric surgery branched-chain amino acids burnt-out diabetes cardiovascular disease carotid plaque cerebrovascular disease chronic kidney disease (CKD) dementia dermal electrochemical conductance diabetes diabetes mellitus diabetic foot disease diabetic foot syndrome diabetic kidney disease diabetic macroangiopathy diabetic microangiopathy diabetic neuropathy diabetic retinopathy dialysis dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitors echogenic plaque end-stage renal disease (ESRD)