3D BFEM CBR Research & information: general SEM observation aggregates carbonation cathode ray tube glass cement cement-treated materials circular economy civil infrastructures coal bottom ash coal fly ash coarse recycled aggregate compressive strength concrete constant head method construction and demolition waste construction and demolition waste management plant durability electrospinning estimation estimation coefficient of permeability failure pattern fines processing flexural strength image analysis interfacial transition zone lime treatment mercury intrusion porosimetry