3D porous nanocarbon Pickering emulsion TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber Technology: general issues X-ray fiber diffraction aerogels aqueous process bacterial cellulose biomedical applications cell culture scaffold cellulose derivatives cellulose nanocrystal cellulose nanofiber cellulose nanofibers chitin nanofiber chitosan−ZnCl2 complex cholesteric liquid crystal cryogels crystal structure deacetylated chitin dehydrogenative polymer doxorubicin enzymatic radical coupling flame-retardant freeze-drying functional materials functional nanocomposite hemicellulose hydrogels intraperitoneal chemotherapy