GFA HPT deformation Information technology industries Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts equation MicroCT X-ray diffraction amorphous alloy bulk metallic glass composite crack resistance defects differential scanning calorimetry dislocation theory free volume hardness heat effects high-pressure torsion hydrogen indentation interstitialcy theory mechanical spectroscopy metallic glass metallic glasses metastable phases mixing enthalpy nanoglasses nanolaminate nanostructure plasticity pop-in