AES Charpy test Cr segregation EIS SPEM Technology: general issues TiAl-based alloys XPS biomedical engineering bipolar electrochemistry corrosion cracking cracks dynamic recrystallization erosion-corrosion fracture hardness hydrogen-induced softening impact wear laser laser micromachining martensitic stainless steel mechanical alloying metal coatings metals and alloys micro fatigue microstructure molybdenum nanocrystalline alloys nuclear fusion reactors