ALS point cloud Bayes net GIS Gaofen-2 Logistic Model Trees Panax notoginseng Qaidam Basin SCAI Sentinel-2 TRMM Vietnam alternating direction method of multipliers artificial neural network bagging ensemble boosted regression tree change detection classification classification-based learning coarse particle colorization constrained spatial smoothing convergence time convolutional network convolutional neural networks crop data mining techniques deep learning environmental variables feature selection geoherb