Bridgman method LNOI Mach-Zehnder Research & information: general Y-fed balanced-bridge Mach-Zehnder interferometer (YBB-MZI) chemical composition computer modelling conducting domain walls defect structure divalent doping magnesium electro-optic modulator ferroelectric films high homogeneity high-energy ball-milling integrated optics devices lithium niobate lithium niobate thin film lithium niobate-on-insulator lithium–niobate electro-optic effect mechanochemical reaction microparticles nano-domain nanocrystals non-volatile memory optical storage materials pentavalent and hexavalent doping photonic electric-field sensor photorefractive materials photorefractive properties