3D-printed scaffold Au nanoparticles DNA damage Leydig cells Sertoli cells Technology: general issues additive adhesion agarose gel alternating magnetic field apoptosis biocomposite characterization of materials chitosan composite cubic phase depth-sensing indentation drug delivery system dye-sensitized solar cells electrospinning galactose determination galactosemia diagnosis graphene oxide laser ablation light harvesting liquid crystalline phase magnetocubosomes methotrexate mitochondrial membrane potential monoolein