3D nano-ripple pattern DFT Knoevenagel reaction P3HT QSPR TD-DFT Technology: general issues ZnO sol-gel charge recombination layer chromophore coordination polymers fluorene fullerene derivative hierarchical growth low temperature solution process macrocycles macromolecular organic structures n-type organic semiconductors nanoribbons naphthalene near infrared absorption nitrofluorene on-surface reaction organic tandem solar cell organic thin-film transistors poly(nitro)fluorene polymer solar cell push-pull dyes push–pull chromophore sequential growth