AA6063 AZ91 magnesium alloys Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Ag alloy Co-based alloy Cu-Mg alloy EBSD ECAP History of engineering & technology age-hardening response artificial neural network model carbide carbon content chemical composition constitutive equation dislocation effective grain size equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) fly ash friction coefficient hot-work die steel lath martensite magnesium alloy mechanical properties medium-carbon low-alloy steel metallic alloys microstructure microstructure evolution powder injection molding (PIM) recrystallization response surface methodology