3Rs program Brahmani River CA-Markov model Ganges River basin Geodetector Guangzhou city Guanzhong Plain Urban Agglomeration InVEST Mongolia Muthurajawela Marsh Nagpur Negombo Lagoon Odisha Research & information: general SOC loss in deep soil Three Gorges Reservoir area WBGT index central Yunnan urban agglomeration circulating ecological sphere climate change climate resilience coast deep soil excavation ecological sensitivity ecosystem pattern ecosystem service value ecosystem service values ecosystem services ecosystem services mapping ecosystem services trade-offs