electrical resistivity extreme conditions high pressure laser-heated diamond anvil cell melting curve multi-phase materials phase transitions quantum molecular dynamics synchrotron radiation vanadate Al-Si alloy DFT and Force Field methods Debye temperature Earth's core Fe Ganymede Landau theory Laue diffraction ME21 Nb3Sn Ostwald’s step rule PbTe Raman Raman spectra Research & information: general Technology: general issues X-ray diffraction XAFS Z methodology atomic displacement