B-splines Banach *-probability spaces FCM fuel Fourier–Legendre expansion Gibbs phenomenon Huygens’ principle Mathematics & science PSO Research & information: general Riemann-Hilbert problem bearing capacity crack growth behavior deformed wave equation dual tight framelets dynamic models failure probability free probability generalized Fourier transform holomorphic extension initial-boundary value problem intersecting flaws mNLS equation non-Euclidean Fourier transform non-commutativity measure oblique extension principle optimization p-adic number fields particle model particle swarm optimization primes