FFPH History of engineering & technology Kalman filter Kd-network LIBS Three-dimensional mapping UAV X-ray fluorescence adaptive K-means apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) autonomous robot body dimensions boundary-line broiler surface temperature extraction cation exchange capacity clay content convolutional neural networks crop protection cutting point detection deep learning droplet characterization elemental composition ellipse fitting feature recognition germination paper gripper harvesting robot head region locating infrared spectroscopy ion-selective electrode (ISE)