Ge(001)-2 NEXAFS XPS binding energies bioactive materials crystallization kinetics cyclic voltammetry electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy laser heating magnetic annealing metallic glasses micro-mesoporous carbon electrode multilayers nanostructures nuclear forward scattering room temperature ionic liquids self-assembling peptides supercapacitor materials synchrotron pump-probe powder scattering synchrotron radiation synchrotron radiation induced spectroscopies thermal conductivity thermal expansion thin films titanium alloy