3D FEA Axial flux permanent magnet machine DC-link voltage regulation Genetic algorithm MO-Jaya optimization MTPA control NSGA-II optimization Nelder–Mead method PM overhang Technology: general issues adaptive control advanced metaheuristics brushless field excitation brushless topology carbon dioxide emissions centrifugal pump climate change mitigation constraints design current angle dc offset demagnetization design of electric motors direct instantaneous torque control direct-drive direct-on-line permanent magnet synchronous motor direct-on-line synchronous reluctance motor doubly fed induction generator electric machine electric machine analysis computing electric motors